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European Politics EssayNot long after taking office as professorship, Nicolas Sarkozy initiated a bold agenda of swee snareg governmental and economic re diversity which enflamed controversy and engendered violent enemy in spite of appearance the French government and among the French population regarding both the state of economic parity within French society, and Frances parting in a swiftly changing spherical- semipolitical climate. Sarkozy, a former member of the interior(a) Assembly, a two-time appointee as Minister of the Interior, and a aside president of the UMP, rose to intumescency as a widely popular (and as hearty widely unpopular) figure in the conservative fender of French politics. Although Sarkozys personal and romantic life as well as his financial dealings and his human macrocosms image hit each(prenominal) fallen under the intense scrutiny of the French and International media, the close to polemical issues associated with chairperson Sarkozy have gen termlly been and continue to be issue and policy oriented. Prior to being elected President, Sarkozy made International news school principallines when, as Minister of the Interior, Sarkozy, insisted that Muslim women pose bare-headed for official indistinguishability photographs (Scott, 2005), a move which provoked a storm of op rank within France and throughout the globe.However, Sarkozys intentions were even to a greater extent wider than revealed by his policy regarding identity photos Sarkozys main recommendation, accepted by Chirac in January 2004, was for a law prohi geeking the vesture of ostentatious signs of religious affiliation in public schools. This is now the law of the land (Scott, 2005). Sarkozys record introductory to becoming President indicated that he was a man unafraid to pursue a controversial extend of action.As president, iodine of Sarkozys first publically criticized actions was his handling of a Libyan hostage crisis which involved the reco very of Belgian health-care workers who had been held in Libya. In return for releasing the Belgians, the Libyan dictator Gaddafi was able to gain President Sarkozys signature on a treaty which transferred hundreds of millions of euros, along with all classic(p) military equipment to Libya. This move was met non nevertheless with criticism but with a call for an investigation at the parlimentary level which was requested by the head of the French Socialist Party.Although this single example whitethorn seem slight in light of the forthcoming discussion regarding governmental reform and the EU policy on climate change which leave alone form the heart of the present study of Sarkozys administration, the incident is illustrative of the odd duality which seems to stamp itself on many another(prenominal) a(prenominal) of Sarkozys policies, programs, and initiatives. The duality is one grow on one side in what many might direct a superficial, yet effective, understanding of publi c image and political theater on the other side, it is rooted in what many might call brutally pragmatic political economy.Critics of Sarkozy go further than to call the President an economic pragmatist. Many members of Sarkozys own conservative party, the UMP, have criticized the President for being a grueling counselling of free-trade while simultaneously backing sweeping reforms in the working- enlighten sector including his loi de modernisation de leconomie (Lawday, 2007), or modernisation of the Economy Law which in addition to relaxing federal restrictions on retail prices and work-regulations, allowed workers who worked over cardinal hours a week to collect their overtime pay tax-free.If, basically, Sarkozys economic policies speculate a free-market, self-responsibility venture that he claims every advanced country in Europe, from Britain to those in S derrieredinavia, and lately Germany, has adopted to its advantage (Lawday, 2007) they also reflect an essentially conserv ative philosophy which stands in odd contrast to Sarkozys iconoclastic image as an gene of change.As one observer phrased it, Sarkozys economic philosophy and national economic program represents non so much novelty as catch-up politics with a conservative twist (Lawday, 2007) and, as such, Sarkozys economic programs imply the curbing of labor unions and their power. These aspects of Sarkozys burn up to government and economic matters leaves little room for doubt that at least(prenominal) in relation to financial matters the President is a true conservative, although his raft whitethorn be, overall, a bit more modern than that which is commonly associated with conservatism, the end- expiration is the same.Sarkozys economic philosophies are important not only because they impact one of the around crucial sectors of public policy and governmental influence in France the economy but also because they indicate the aforementioned duality of purpose and bearing which seems to stand as part and parcel of Sarkozys political career.If on e the one hand, Sarkozy wanted to amend the 35-hour working week so that it is no long-acting the reposeful regulation it implies (Lawday, 2007), he also desire to simultaneously force strikers to maintain a stripped service for trains, buses and other public services (Lawday, 2007) and to slice into the bloated state bureaucracy, where the unions are strongest, by permitting one fill-in for every two retiring government office workers (Lawday, 2007) while at the same time admitting in the face of the recent global economic crisis that laissez faire capitalism is dead.The economic platform and policies which Sarkozy has advocated indicate that above all else Sarkozy is a pragmatist. This fact is s very useful fact because, by extending it firmly in mind, a more complete understanding of Sarkozy the politician can be gained. In point of fact, most of what passes for populism in Sarkozys public image is precisely due to his pragmatic arise.His populist reputation as a French nationalist who is for broad-shouldered immigration reform may collide somewhat uncomfortably with his place as the (rotating) President of the European Union, just as his stand on unions collides with his recent, public statements regarding socialism where Sarkozy responded to the apparent motion have you become a socialist? with the answer Maybe (Lawday, 2007). Sarkozys radicalism which stands in sharp contrasts to his fiscal conservatism and his conservatism on issues such as immigration and unions manifests itself not in ideology, necessarily, but within the mannequin of his aforementioned pragmatism.In other words, Sarkozy may be a populist to the extent that he adopts positions which will curry favor with French Nationalists, such as the headscarf legislation mentioned at the opening of this paper, he may be a fiscal conservative bent on busting the unions and generating a productive working class base for Fr ench society, but in each case his convictions, while arguably difficult to pin down under a single umbrella of ideology, are always enacted by way of robust action.Sarkozy may be many things, but one thing he certainly is not is a dawdler. One of the most illustrative examples of Sarkozys style and substance as a leader, and specifically as the President of France, is his massive reform of French government and the displacement of governmental power.Although as will be demonstrate shorty Sarkozys controversial reforms to French government have the design and purpose of bringing the government into the modern era of global-politics and allowing for a more efficiently run government within France itself, the same reforms have been assailed by Sarkozys critics, primarily by the French Socialist party, as being tantamount to instating a dictatorship in France with Sarkozy himself enthroned as dictator.Although the specificities and complexities of Sarkozys reforming of French govern ment pose much too vast a too vast to exhaust within the confines of this short discussion, the overall impact and intention of his reform policies offer cardinal insight into not Sarkozys ambitions as President but into the potentially radical reshaping of French government as well as Frances relationship to the EU.Before delving into the specifics of the reform legislation, it is useful to remember just how the French penning regarded the separation of governmental powers and more importantly what role the President of France was accorded by the fifth Republics Constitution. Because Sarkozys program of governmental reform offers, as a centerpiece, the apparent expansion of Presidential power and pronouncement, while simultaneously change the role and power of parliament, sorting out the specific angles by which Sarkozy enabled the expansion of Presidential power can be quite difficult to achieve.However, the role of the French President, according to the Fifth Republics Co nstitution was limited member 5 states that the President Provides by their arbitration for the regular functioning of the public authorities and the continuity of the bring up (Bell, 2000, p. 15), with nothing mentioned about the Presidents own power to legislate. This aspect of the Constitution is the key area by which Sarkozy sought to expand, in the eyes of the anti-reformers, Presidential power.Specifically, the most controversial aspect of the reform-laws was Sarkozys plan to allow the president to contend parliament, opening up the possibility of a US State of the Union-style address. That has not been permitted since 1875, in an attempt to keep the executive and legislative branches separate (BBC News), and it is by this seemingly simple move that Sarkozy expanded Presidential authority while simultaneously seeming to limit that same authority.Because the Fifth Republics Constitution calls for the President to function as an arbitrator the American-style governing bod y of the President as the leader of the legislature, addressing parliament, becomes a specter of d take up to those who view this as an incursion on the Constitutional separation of powers. fleck it is true that Article 5, which implicitly restricts the Presidency, has been a outcome of controversy (Bell, 2000, p.15), Sarkozys expansion of Presidential authority has proven to be even more divisive. Sarkozys plan to revision the Fifth Republics Constitution represents the two primary aspects of his governing style which have formed the roots of the occurrent discussion these aspects are his inherent conservatism and his obvious pragmatism.The reform legislation introduced radical, pragmatic steps toward bear upon sweeping change in France and rewrote the French Constitution, but while Sarkozy verbalized his assurances that the reforms represented Movement, change, modernity, (BBC News) as well as a victory for French democracy, the same reforms also contributed to the strengthen ing of Presidential authority and resulted in a divided parliament with Sarkozys reform bill passing by 539 votes to 357 one vote more than the three-fifths majority of the combined Assembly and Senate required to pass the reforms BBC News), so if strengthening democracy was Sarkozys intention, his initial result was to divide the parliament and pass a sweeping reform to the French Constitution with next-to-no consensus. This fact in itself would seem to confirm the trepidation regarding his proposed reforms (now law) which engulfed his detractors in parliament. One of these detractors, Socialist senator Bernard Frimat told lawmakers before the vote at a special session at the Chateau of Versailles (BBC News) that Sarkozy had offered a consolidation of monocracy, (BBC News) but Sarkozy, always careful to play to populist ideas and ideals, counter-weighted the expansion of Presidential authority with corresponding limits and restrictions on the French Presidency.The reform laws whi le strengthening the Presidents role in the legislature also limit the President to two five year terms, gives parliament a veto over some presidential appointments, ends government control over parliaments committee system, allows parliament to doctor its own agenda, and ends the presidents right of collective pardon (BBC News). Seemingly, by these latter reforms, Sarkozy was interested in limiting not expanding the powers of the French President however the telling point of the reform laws as they relate to the French Presidency lies within the mere expansion of the Presidents role as a lawmaker rather than, as the Fifth Republics Constitution advocated, a a neutral umpire who has three principal tasks i) to see that the Constitution is consider ii) to arbitrate to ensure the continuity of the state iii) to be vigilant on the issues of national independence, territorial unity and the evaluate for treaties (Bell, 2000, p. 16).Sarkozys vision of the President and the reform leg islation he was able to enact to realize this vision stands in direct opposition to Article 5 of the French Constitution. Sarkozys radical pragmatism extends beyond the parameters and confines of French domestic issues into the realm of International affairs. As the acting President of the European Union, Sarkozy has applied a similarly hands on approach to issues of international importance such as climate change. As illustrated by Sarkozys reform legislation and the somewhat concealed agenda therein which provided for the expansion of Presidential authority, Sarkozy seems to have adopted a similar approach to his position as EU President.On the topic of global warming and climate change, Sarkozy has proven to be as pragmatic and as forceful as he was on the issues of crime, immigration, and government reform in France. At the thirty-third summit of the G8, Sarkozy offered a plan to make out French CO2 emissions by half and what followed was the adoption of this concept by the G8 nations as a whole. Although the agreement which was reached at the summit was non-binding, Sarkozys lead enabled the G8 nations to put forth a collective plan to cut in half the global emissions of greenhouse gasses. Sarkozy continued to push for a binding agreement, but his efforts proved futile. Nevertheless, his approach to the issue of climate change represented, as his approach to governmental reform. a pragmatic and comprehensive approach to a hard problem.Of interest is the fact that the binding agreement regarding greenhouse gas emissions was apparently jam by the United States with its President, George W, Bush, citing the refusal of third-world nations to also enter into the agreement. Responding tot his obstacle, Sarkozy turned his efforts not toward America or the troika World, but to China, utilizing his status as EU President to put forward a comprehensive and industrial energy policy which included a collaborative effort with the Chinese. Sarkozys successful brok ering of a deal on energy adn climate change between the EU adn China marks one of the most important accomplishments of his pragmatic and often radical approach to governing.It is due to this combination of tenacity and creativity that Sarkozy has evolved from a controversial cabinet member in the French government known mostly for being a strong conservative to an actor on the world stage who seems to be equal parts populist and conservative. It is, perhaps, not necessary, to understand which of the aspects, conservative or populist is dominant in Sarkozy, it is possibly not even that important to understand, at a personal, human level, which aspect represents more honestly Sarkozys own world-view. While some observers may claim that Sarkozys populism is merely a smokescreen to conceal his ambitious moves toward a consolidation of personal power, others may claim, with good reason, that Sarkozys populism represents a genuine attempt to represent the global sea-change which has cur rently cast global economics and world-affairs into an ambiguous and dangerous place.No matter which of these perspectives lies closer to the objective truth of Sarkozy the man, the result of Sarkozys actions as a world-leader will involve much more than a consideration of President Sarkozys motives. One of the most obligate aspects of Sarkozy as a world leader is his simultaneous insistence of modernity while maintaining an acute, almost reverential, respect for the past. Like the other dualities apparent in Sarkozys governing style adn thinking style, this duality of past vs. forthcoming manifest, in Sarkozy, not as an abstract idealogy but in pragmatic application. In addition to his extremely controversial reforms in regard to economics, government, unions, immigration, and climate change, Sarkozy has also generated a great deal of controversy regarding his position of cultural subjects and education in France.While seeming to be a strong nationalist with a true conservatives reverence for tradition, Sarkozy has readily admitted that France has failed to democratize its horticulture and that in doing so, accomplished one of the chief failures of the past 50 years of French government (Sarkozy out to Democratize, 2007, p. B01). As always, his suggested course of action revealed a break down of populism and conservatism and fused the cultural concerns of France with the power of the French government Sarkozy defined democratisation de la culture as providing the means for the largest number of people to understand and appreciate Sophocles, Shakespeare and Racine. He added that the purpose of education is to nurture you how to tell the difference between Madame Bovary and a police blotter, or between Antigone and Harry Potter. Later, you can read what you like. (Sarkozy out to Democratize, 2007, p. B01)In conclusion, Sarkozys style of governing offers a curious and sometimes uncomfortable blend of populism and conservatism. In the area of domestic pol icy, he has proven to be both radical in his approach and keenly aware of the political impact of his pragmatic reforms, on international issues he has proven to be creative, opportunistic, and decisive. While Sarkozys bold embracing of modernity may be authenticated by his actions in some cases, many of his policies and programs reveal an essentially conservative politician who seeks, not merely reform, but the type of reform which ensures the duration of his carefully crafted ideological beliefs.