Caesars Books, the Gallic Wars

Julius Caesar wrote commentaries on the wars he fought in Gaul between 58 and 52 B.C., in seven books one for each year. This series of annual war commentaries is referred to by various names but is commonly called De bello Gallico in Latin, or The Gallic Wars in English. There is also an 8th book, written by Aulus Hirtius. For modern students of Latin, De bello Gallico is usually the first piece of real, continuous Latin prose. Caesars commentaries are valuable for those interested in European history, military history, or the ethnography of Europe since Caesar describes the tribes he encounters, as well as their military engagements. The commentaries should be read with the understanding that they are biased and that Caesar wrote to enhance his reputation back in Rome, passing blame for defeats, justifying his own actions, yet probably accurately reporting the basic facts. The Title Caesars title for The Gallic Wars is not known for sure. Caesar referred to his writing as res gestae deeds/things done and commentarii commentaries, suggesting historical events. In genre it appears to be close to the Anabasis of Xenophon, a hypomnemata memory helps—like a notebook to be used as a reference for later writing. Both Anabasis and the Gallic War commentaries were written in the third person singular, relating historical events, with the intention of sounding objective, and in simple, clear language, so that the Anabasis is often the first continuous prose beginning Greek students face. In addition to not knowing for sure what Caesar would have considered its proper title, The Gallic Wars is misleading. Book 5 has sections on the customs of the British and Book 6 has material on the Germans. There are British expeditions in Books 4 and 6 and German expeditions in Books 4 and 6. The Pros and Cons The downside of the standard reading De bello Gallico during the early years of Latin study is that it is an account of battles, with descriptions of tactics, techniques, and materials that can be hard to understand. There is debate as to whether it is dry. This evaluation depends on whether you can figure out what is going on and visualize the scenes, which in turn depends on your understanding of military tactics in general, and Roman techniques, armies, and weaponry, in particular. The upside is, as Vincent J. Cleary argues in Caesars Commentarii: Writings in Search of a Genre, that Caesars prose is free of grammatical error, Grecisms, and pedantry, and rarely metaphorical. It overwhelmingly reads as Ciceros tribute to Caesar. In Brutus, Cicero says that Caesars De bello Gallico is the best history ever written. Sources Caesars Commentarii: Writings in Search of a Genre, by Vincent J. Cleary. The Classical Journal, Vol. 80, No. 4. (Apr. - May 1985), pp. 345-350.Style in De Bello Civili, by Richard Goldhurst.The Classical Journal, Vol. 49, No. 7. (Apr. 1954), pp. 299-303.

A View From the Bridge Essay - 3428 Words

Eddie Carbone is an American-Sicilian man working in Brooklyn. He works as a longshoreman: carrying crates and goods from the ships. He is quite a large man. His job requires him to be strong and a good worker. In other words he is very masculine. He is an ordinary man. He lives with his wife and niece, whom he treats like a daughter, and like all good men should do, he works every day to provide them with enough money to survive on. Eddie is a man’s man. He lives within a close-knit community of Sicilians and is a well respected member of society. Eddie sees himself as a prime example of how a man should act and look. The ending of a view from the bridge is fairly predictable from the beginning as it is hinted at by the narrator†¦show more content†¦Eddie holds an old fashioned, limited view of masculinity. His opinions of what it means to be masculine involve fairly stereotypical features, such as strength and ability. Characteristics that people generally associate with a male figure are strength, silent. The time that they play is set in doesn’t help to widen Eddie’s view of masculinity. The area, Redhook, is described by the lawyer Alfieri. But this is Redhook, not Sicily. This is the slum that faces the bay on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge†¦the gullet of New York swallowing the tonnage of the world’. It accommodated some of the worst people of the time, and though there were laws the country was controlled by gangsters. ‘In those days, Al Capone, the greatest Carthaginian of all, was learning his trade on these pavements, and Frankie Yale himself was cut precisely in half by a machine-gun on the corner of Union Street, two blocks away’. This would maybe inspire Eddie to act tough and strong. He understands that these gangsters are undeniably very masculine figures and that may affect him. All the immigrants came to this area, that’s why the community was so close-knit. It is also why it was so devastating to betray family or friends by reporting immigrants. When Eddie warns Catherine not to say anything about the illegal immigrants coming to stay with them he tells the story of a boy who reported his uncle. ‘The whole neighbourhood was cryin’.’ The worst thing you could do was betrayShow MoreRelatedA View from the Bridge1822 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Coursework-Modern Drama What is the dramatic function of Alfieri’s character in ‘A View from the Bridge’? ‘A View from the Bridge’ is a play written by Arthur Miller. Miller’s inspiration for this play is close to his heart. He grew up in New York City; his parents were illegal immigrants into the United States looking for work. Alfieri is a key component, not only is he a character he is also a narrator. He acts as a chorus to the play and an aid to the audience. 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A View From The Bridge is a play written by the American playwright Arthur Miller, a prominent figure in American Theatre, this Greek tragedy adapted drama was written to emphasize on the themes of incestuous love, jealousy and betrayal. In simple geographical terms, the ‘bridge’ in the title of the play is the Brooklyn Bridge, the one that spans the East River, between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Man hattan, New York. The title drew attentionRead Morea view from the bridge; honour1228 Words   |  5 PagesCHARACTERS IN THE PLAY. WHICH CHARACTERS IN PARTICULAR BELIEVE THAT HONOUR IS AN IMPORTANT THEME IN THE PLAY? Honour is a very important in this play, specially for Eddie and Marco, who are the â€Å"alpha males† of the house more or less, because Eddie is from the beginning the boss at his house, but when he threatens Rodolpho, Marco tries to show Eddie that he is also a strong man and that he cannot do that to HIS brother. It means far more to them than the law. 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Due to the mass immigration America started to Read MoreEssay about A View from The Bridge4541 Words   |  19 PagesA View from The Bridge Discuss the importance of stage directions in Arthur Millers ‘A View From The Bridge’ and what they reveal about the character of Eddie Carbone. Stage directions are very important in drama and this is evident in Arthur Millers ‘A View From the Bridge’. Stage directions give actors and directors character motivation and this allows actors to create believable characters and explain a characters actions and feelings. They also highlight characters emotions that are

Security Issues in Internet of Things Report

Question: Discuss about the Security Issues in Internet of Things Report. Answer: Introduction Internet of Things (IoT) is a term that refers to the use of interconnected devices in an intelligent manner such that the devices allow sharing of information and fulfillment of various tasks and activities. The devices that are connected to for IoT may be Smartphones, tablets, laptops, electrical appliances and many others connected over the Internet with each othe. The same has proved to be a growing trend in the recent times as it allows the ability to accomplish routine and complex activities in a quick and efficient manner. However, there are a number of security risks that have emerged in the world of IoT which can cause severe adverse impacts if not controlled. One way to deal with the security issues that are associated with IoT is to make secure and efficient use of cloud mechanisms for timely detection and prevention of such risks and attacks. Security Issues There are a number of technologies that may be used for the connection of devices to form IoT. These technologies may range from a number of wireless sensor networks such as sensors, microcontrollers, batteries and many others. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is another technology that may be used for the creation of IoT. All of these technologies have a number of security and privacy concerns in an IoT environment. These concerns have the potential to impact the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information in an adverse manner and the impact may be low, medium or high on the basis of the type of information that it may attack. One of the most prominent and commonly seen security attacks that impacts the availability of the network is the Denial of Service (DoS) attack. Attackers introduce unnecessary traffic in the network path which leads to deterioration of the service quality and a final breakdown as a result. There are various types of DoS attacks such as jam ming, collision, selective forwarding, flooding and many others. There are various layers that are present in the architecture of IoT with three broad layers as perception layer, network layer and application layer from bottom to top in the same order. The security concerns for each layer are different. The perception layer comprises of RFID tags and sensor networks which may lead to the security issues such as malicious codes or defect of the tag itself. These malicious codes such as viruses, worms, logic bombs and Trojan horses may or may not be reproducible in nature and generally require a trigger to begin their malicious activity. Issues in the network layer are usually associated with the integrity and availability of information during sharing and transmission. Access control, identity control and likewise are the concerns that are associated at the application layer. Apart from the security issues in the form of security risks and attacks, there are also a number of challenges that may come up in terms of security of IoT. Technology is something that is changing at a rapid pace. There may be scenarios wherein the existing security infrastructure and environment may not be competent and sufficient enough to deal with newer forms of attacks. There are also issues with the system background that have been observed that lead to easier access to the attackers in order to execute security risk or attack. The negligence and lack of knowledge at the end of the user is also one of the major security challenges that lead to the variety of options for the attackers to gain access to the system. There are also silent attacks that are continuously executed by the attacker which go unnoticed as the damage caused by such attacks at a particular instance is negligible. However, after a certain period of time lead to a huge collective damage. Secure IoT Communications Cloud Network There are a number of countermeasures that have been identified and developed with the emergence of so many security issues and attacks in the world of IoT. The first and the foremost measure are to use stronger authentication measures in the cloud network such as use of stronger passwords, multi-level authentication, and single sign on, single sign off and likewise. There are also a number of cloud databases that are available for the data storage and management. These cloud storage options are efficient and offer enhanced security as well. Also, there are options such as automated back-up and disaster recovery enabled in these cloud databases which allow the security of the information even in case of a security attack on the system. The choice of cloud network also plays a significant role in terms of security. For instance, private cloud is always securer and safer in terms of the public cloud network. Encryption is one of the major techniques that can assure the safety of information in the IoT environment. Use of encrypted data while transmission of the same over cloud would ensure that the attackers do not succeed in retrieving valuable details out of the same even if they succeed in capturing the information. Use of encryption would prevent the network attacks such as session hijacking and spoofing. There is also a number of Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems that have been designed which may be installed over the cloud network to make sure that any of the malicious activity is immediately detected and dealt with. Such systems have proved to be extremely beneficial with DoS attacks. Conclusion Internet of Things (IoT) has allowed the users to connect their devices and make use of smart applications and services with much ease. The security issues that are associated with IoT can have severe impacts if the attackers succeed in getting hold of confidential and private information. However, these issues can be prevented, detected and controlled with due diligence and various physical, administrative and technical controls. Cloud network and architecture shall also be used with efficiently to ensure that the execution of security attacks is not possible for the attackers. References D. Evans, "The Internet of Things How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything", 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf. [Accessed: 12- Jan- 2017]. T. Borgohain, U. Kumar and S. Sanyal, "Survey of Security and Privacy Issues of Internet of Things", 2016. [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1501/1501.02211.pdf. [Accessed: 12- Jan- 2017]. M. Bhabad and S. Bagade, "Internet of Things: Architecture, Security Issues and Countermeasures", 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.ijcaonline.org/research/volume125/number14/bhabad-2015-ijca-906251.pdf. [Accessed: 12- Jan- 2017]. D. Das and B. Sharma, "General Survey on Security Issues on Internet of Things", 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.ijcaonline.org/research/volume139/number2/das-2016-ijca-909113.pdf. [Accessed: 12- Jan- 2017]. J. Eom, "Security Threats Recognition and Countermeasures on Smart Battlefield Environment based on IoT", 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.sersc.org/journals/IJSIA/vol9_no7_2015/32.pdf. [Accessed: 12- Jan- 2017]. A. Kotkar, "Network Attacks and Their Countermeasures", 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.ijircce.com/upload/2013/march/14_Network%20Attacks.pdf. [Accessed: 12- Jan- 2017].

The Issue of Advance Medical Directives

The use of advance medical directives in the Western countries is discussed as the possibility to resolve many ethical and legal questions in relation to incurable patients, and the practice is explained from the point of respect for the patients’ autonomy and their dignity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Advance Medical Directives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this issue is impossible to be discussed only from one perspective. If the idea of advance medical directives is rather typical for the Western countries, the readiness of the Muslim countries to use the practice is rather questionable. Hamdan Al-Jahdali and the group of researchers state that the concept of advance medical directives can be translated to the Muslim society, but it is impossible to agree with the statement completely because this perspective is controversial, and there are many cultural and religious barrie rs which are associated with the ethical aspects of the question. It is necessary to respond to many traditional visions of the Muslim understanding of the death concept to use the Western concept of advance medical directives in these countries. On the one hand, having the possibility to provide the advance directives, the incapacitated patients manipulate the right to have the definite autonomy and control their life. On the other hand, Muslims can act against the will of God in this situation. It is the traditional vision of the case which is the main barrier to admit the Westerners’ practice. The situation is complicated with the fact that according to the religious beliefs, it is impossible to reject the necessary treatment and it is impossible to make the decisions about euthanasia or suicide. As a result, there are many controversies which are associated with the ethical aspect of using advance medical directives. The issue of advance directives depends on many religio us questions which can be discussed from different perspectives separately, but their combination in relation to the problem of advance directives provides the next barrier because of the challenges to find the single appropriate decision.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hamdan Al-Jahdali and the other researchers present their interpretation of different statements connected with the issue which are provided in the Quran. The problem is in the fact that many Muslims do not see the whole picture and cannot make the ethically and religiously right decision. That is why, to overcome the first barrier, it is necessary to provide the explanation that the usage of advance directives is not connected with supporting possible suicides and medically approved murders. As a result, the second barrier can be overcome accentuating the clear statements supported by the quotations from the Q uran that the choice of treatment and the abstinence from seeking therapy adopted in the Muslim society have many common features in their nature with the concept of advance directives. This essay on The Issue of Advance Medical Directives was written and submitted by user Colleen Wing to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.