Torte Law :: legal trial court

1. Explain the most beta role of the trial judge in a intelligent proceeding.Answer1. The most important role of the trial judge is to keep order in the romance and is in charge when a jury is present to make sure that the policeyers do not use improper methods to influence the jury during the case.2. When a trial court makes a legal error in deciding case, what steps mustiness the party take to have the legal error reviewed?Answer 2. If the trial court makes an error then the party needs to take the case to the appeals court. The duty of the appeals court is to review the proceeding of the trial court and correct legal errors made by the trial judge. They must accept all the trial courts 3. Why does a person seek an equitable (equity) remedy in a civil case when instead of a remedy integrity? Describe difference between an equitable remedy at lawAnswer 3. A remedy is a form of court enforcement of a legal right resulting from a successful civil lawsuit. Remedies fall into th ree general categories (1) Damages - monetary compensation for the plaintiffs losses, injury, and/or pain or restitution measures designed to restore the plaintiffs status to what it was prior to the violation of his or her rights, (2) Coercive remedies - requiring a party to do or omit doing a specific act by means of injunctive relief or a court order of specific performance (3) Declaratory judgment - the court determines individual rights in a specific space without awarding damages or ordering particular action. Monetary damages are often referred to as a legal remedy while unequivocal and declaratory remedies are termed equitable remedies.4. State the name of the document apply to commence a civil lawsuit against a defendant.Answr4. The name of the document used to commence a civil lawsuit against a defendant is called summons5. Define substantive law-sets out the rights and duties governing people as thy act in society. Creates or defines rights, privileges, duties, obliga tions, and causes of action that can be enforced by lawDefine procedural law- law that prescribes the procedures and methods for enforcing rights and duties. Procedural law establishes the rules under which the substantive rules of law are enforced.6. Define judicial law-law of or relating to a judgment, the function of judging, the administration of justice, or the judiciarya) State when federal court can review the last of a state court on a legal question?

Essays --

Abortion itself is not an easy process to go through. Having a simple fetus removed medically might take look at easy, but the woman herself might go through many difficult situations before, during, and after the process of spontaneous abortion emotionally and physically. Making the right choice of having an abortion might be regretful to some woman and their family. The choices are either having the baby and later finding out they cant take care of the baby or having an abortion and finding out later that you cannot have a child in the future. There can physical effects on woman that have abortion. Abortion can result in miscarriages, ectopic pregnancies, and a slight chance of breast cancer. Many miscarriages happen when an abortion is utilise on the previous pregnancy because it can be dangerous to the future reproductive systems of woman. After an abortion, there can be severe case where discharge and infection can occur. A woman might have five times the chance of ectopic pregnancy because the woman who had their first pregnancy was terminated. An ectopic pregnancy happens when the embryo is implante...

Speech Recognition Fundamentals Current and Future :: Essays Papers

Speech Recognition Fundamentals Current and Future Human centric computing branches out into many an(prenominal) areas. One of the most important one is patois quotation since this is the aboriginal way for human beings to communicate. Therefore, it is only natural to use speech as the primary method to input information into a computational device or object needing manual input. The goal of human centric computing is to make applied science as user friendly as possible and to integrate it completely into human life by adapting to military man specifications. Currently, computers force humans to adapt to computers, which is the icy intend of human centric computing. Speech recognition has the basic intention to help humans easily communicate with computers and reap the maximum benefit from them. Though, speech recognition faces several problems in its implementation it is partially available in todays life. The complexity of speech in not as plain to humans because of their innate sense of grammar, which is not inherent to computers. Still, speech recognition is being used in daily life. Though, in the future speech recognition could be included in the simplest of items. When this is achieved complete human centric view is achieved regarding speech recognition. The fundamental of speech recognition is to take sound and to translate this information into school text and commands. This process is very complex since sound has to be matched up with stored sound bites and further analysis has to be done on sound bites, which switch no clear match with preexisting sound pieces. To determine an undetermined piece of sound requires computing power to use grammatical rules and written rules utilise established models how often this word is used and how it relates to the other defined sound bites. The problem with speech recognition programs for text editors is the complexity of human speech. Therefore, all text is constantl y check to make sure that no grammatical or spelling errors end up in the final product(HMW 17). This comes normal to humans who have an innate sense of sentence structure and word groupings. The recognition program has to recognize the input and form the sentence. This sentence will be point of view on a huge set of parameters, grammar, which defines human speech.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Essays Papers

Sir Gawain and the commonalty KnightWhat makes a hu worldity a hero? Where lies the line which when crossed spays a mortal bit into a legend? Is it at the altar at Canterbury? in the Minotaurs inner ear? or is it an age or a time? Does a man become a hero when he transforms from a boy to an adult? or when he stops being a man and becomes a diseased person? Where are the heroes of 1993? In whom do the children of this age believe? Like whom do they distort to be? Kennedy, Lennon, and even Superman are dead. World leaders are mockeries of objective men, more like Pilates than Thomas Mores. Pop cultures icons change daily. It is interesting that nearly 600 years ago someone was writing slightly heroism in a way that can be understood today. The poet of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight tells a tale in which a man is turn out to be a hero through the seemingly un-heroic decisions made in the var. of numerous tests. Sir Gawain is a hero for the 21st century. He is tried and trapp ed, he is inundated with opportunities to fail and yet he does not lose. More importantly though, in the end he learns an essential, inescapable fact about himself and human nature.What makes a man a hero? Just before he leaves Camelot in seem for the Green Knight, Sir Gawain gives perhaps the best possible answer to this questionIn destinies sad or merry, True men can but try.Tests and decisions are as numerous in any mans life as are the beats of his heart. The consequences he incurs follow him forever he is judged by them and they arrogate his entire existence. Gawains statement is not merely profound sentiment, useful even today as a measure of a mans mettle. It is also, coming as early as it does in Part II of the poem, a harbinger of how Gawains tale may end. It tells a reader that Gawain elbow room to do his level best in his grand endeavor and if in but one small way he should fail, do not disparage him until considering how a different man may have fared.Gawain, simila r to closely of the characters in the tale, is tested on several occasions. In the poem, as in real life, judgment should not be passed on a mans single decisions individually, but only by observing how he has chosen to stand firm his life.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essays PapersSir Gawain and the Green KnightWhat makes a man a hero? Where lies the line which when crossed changes a mortal man into a legend? Is it at the altar at Canterbury? in the Minotaurs labyrinth? or is it an age or a time? Does a man become a hero when he transforms from a boy to an adult? or when he stops being a man and becomes a martyr? Where are the heroes of 1993? In whom do the children of this age believe? Like whom do they strive to be? Kennedy, Lennon, and even Superman are dead. World leaders are mockeries of real men, more like Pilates than Thomas Mores. Pop cultures icons change daily. It is interesting that nearly 600 years ago someone was writing about heroism in a way that can be unders tood today. The poet of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight tells a tale in which a man is proven to be a hero through the seemingly un-heroic decisions made in the course of numerous tests. Sir Gawain is a hero for the 21st century. He is tried and trapped, he is inundated with opportunities to fail and yet he does not lose. More importantly though, in the end he learns an essential, inescapable fact about himself and human nature.What makes a man a hero? Just before he leaves Camelot in search for the Green Knight, Sir Gawain gives perhaps the best possible answer to this questionIn destinies sad or merry, True men can but try.Tests and decisions are as numerous in any mans life as are the beats of his heart. The consequences he incurs follow him forever he is judged by them and they affect his entire existence. Gawains statement is not merely profound sentiment, useful even today as a measure of a mans mettle. It is also, coming as early as it does in Part II of the poem, a harbinger of how Gawains tale may end. It tells a reader that Gawain means to do his level best in his grand endeavor and if in but one small way he should fail, do not persecute him until considering how a different man may have fared.Gawain, similar to most of the characters in the tale, is tested on several occasions. In the poem, as in real life, judgment should not be passed on a mans single decisions individually, but only by observing how he has chosen to live his life.

The Linguistic Situation of South Africa :: essays research papers fc

When it comes to linguistics, southward Africa is like a melting pot of languages. In total, South Africa has eleven major languages glide slope from both Africa and Europe. The major languages used be Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sesotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. In order to understand how each of these languages arrived in South Africa, we must first look at the account of people living in the country.The first identified language spoken in the South Africa was Khoisan. This language was spoken by the indigenous people of South Africa, the Khoikhio, who lived mainly in the southern coastal regions of the country. Over the years this language has slowly faded away along with the native Khoikhio people. Today there be only a few native South Africans left who can still speak Khoisan living in the western sections of the country.Some time near the eighth century many Bantu tribes migrated south from central Africa into the northern territories of South Africa. Each of these Bantu tribes brought with them their own distinct Bantu language club of which still remain and are recognized today as official languages by the South African Government. These languages are used throughout the African population, which makes up 3 quarters of South Africas people. These languages include Sesotho, Tsonga, Pedi, Tswana, Venda and the Nguni group of Bantu languages Xhosa, Ndebele, Swazi, and Zulu.In the present, Zulu is the Bantu language with the largest number of speakers. In KwaZulu and Natal there are nine zillion people that speak this language. Falling right behind with seven million speakers is the language of Xhosa. Xhosa can be found around Transei, Ciskei, and on the Eastern Cape. The official language of Swaziland is Swazi with two million speakers. The last Nguni language is Ndebele, which is spoken by half a million people in some northeastern bankrupts of South Africa. Between the four separate Nguni languages there are 12 differ ent dialects. Pedi and Sesotho are both a part of the Sotho group of Bantu Languages and they share 11 different dialects. Pedi is the strongest language in the Sotho group. Pedi has four million speakers all over the country. Three million people in Qwaqwa and Orange Free State speak Sesotho. Tsonga, which has four dialects, has four million speakers living in Mozambique and Swaziland. Tswana spoken in Botswana has around three million speakers. Venda, spoken mainly in Transvaal, has over half a million speakers.

The Linguistic Situation of South Africa :: essays research papers fc

When it comes to linguistics, in the south Africa is like a melting pot of languages. In total, South Africa has eleven major languages coming from both Africa and Europe. The major languages used atomic number 18 Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sesotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. In order to understand how each of these languages arrived in South Africa, we must first gear look at the history of people living in the country.The first identified language spoken in the South Africa was Khoisan. This language was spoken by the indigenous people of South Africa, the Khoikhio, who lived mainly in the southern coastal regions of the country. Over the years this language has slowly faded away along with the primordial Khoikhio people. Today there are only a few native South Africans left who can still plow Khoisan living in the western sections of the country.Some time around the eighth century many Bantu tribes migrated south from central Africa into the northe rn territories of South Africa. Each of these Bantu tribes brought with them their own distinct Bantu languagenine of which still remain and are recognise today as official languages by the South African Government. These languages are used throughout the African population, which makes up three quarters of South Africas people. These languages include Sesotho, Tsonga, Pedi, Tswana, Venda and the Nguni group of Bantu languages Xhosa, Ndebele, Swazi, and Zulu.In the present, Zulu is the Bantu language with the largest number of speakers. In KwaZulu and Natal there are nine million people that speak this language. Falling right behind with seven million speakers is the language of Xhosa. Xhosa can be found around Transei, Ciskei, and on the Eastern Cape. The official language of Swaziland is Swazi with two million speakers. The last Nguni language is Ndebele, which is spoken by half a million people in some northeastern parts of South Africa. Between the four separate Nguni languages there are 12 different dialects. Pedi and Sesotho are both a part of the Sotho group of Bantu Languages and they partake 11 different dialects. Pedi is the strongest language in the Sotho group. Pedi has four million speakers all over the country. Three million people in Qwaqwa and Orange melt State speak Sesotho. Tsonga, which has four dialects, has four million speakers living in Mozambique and Swaziland. Tswana spoken in Botswana has around three million speakers. Venda, spoken mainly in Transvaal, has over half a million speakers.

Characters’ Transformation Essay

Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels written by Jane Austen which was branch published in 1813. It is more than a story of love which revolves around the lives of the Bennett family and the wealthy male visitors of Hertfordshire. The wide variety of personalities in the story contributed to the novels attr do workive and compelling features to date. However, the novel apparently portrayed several renderings in relation to the main characters.Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy were clearly different kinds of people who later turn up themselves to be the ideal match for to apiece one new(prenominal). Clearly, the transformation of Elizabeth and Darcys characters were made possible by their give birth pride and prejudices against each other. This fact, therefore, illustrates the idea that the character transformation would most likely not occur without the shortcomings and hasty judgments of the two main characters of the Jane Austens famous novel. Character TransformationThoroughly reviewing the whole context of the story, the respective(a) personalities of the characters are what made it possible to arrive in a certain character transformation. Each character is provided a characteristic that is distinct to other characters. Elizabeth Bennett, an elicit character indeed, possesses traits which are very much different from her sisters. Here is one of her statements to Darcy included in Chapter 19 where she rejects him the first time he proposed to marry her and considered to be one of the pivotal turns in the story which caused the change in both Elizabeth and Darcys characterI do assure you, Sir, that I produce no pretension whatever to that kind of elegance which consists in tormenting a respectable man. I would rather be paid the compliment of existence believed sincere. I give thanks you again and again for the honor you have done me in your proposals, but to accept them is absolutely impossible. My feelings in every respect f orbid it. Can I speak plainer? Do not consider me now as an elegant female, intending to plague you, but as a rational creature, speaking the truth from her nucleus (Austen 97).Elizabeth Bennetts character speaks much of a strong personality which is extremely opinionated and bold. Unlike her younger sisters, she does not allow social status and wealth to interfere with her standards for love. However, in her statement, prejudices toward Darcy are evident for she has already judged him without knowing him well first. However, at the end of the story, she regrets having misjudged the man upon knowing the real Fitzwilliam Darcy.On the other hand, Darcys character also reveals pride and prejudice on his first impression towards Elizabeth. His statement where she declared Elizabeth as tolerable but not attractive enough to interest him because of her poor social status discloses how proud he was to avoid being acquainted with such a woman (Austen 9). Similarly, he took rear his word when he found out how interesting and intelligent Elizabeth was which led him to confess his feelings and offer a marriage proposal. Unfortunately, his first proposal was rejected.Upon the end of the novel, it is average to conclude that Elizabeth Bennett and Fitzwilliam Darcy actually have similar characteristics which can be considered ironic. Both are intelligent, witty, opinionated, and proud. There are also instances when they have exposed acts of prejudices towards some characters in the story, primarily themselves. Elizabeth deemed Darcy to be an extremely arrogant and proud man when she accidentally heard him say that he was not interested in her due to her poor status in the society.She thought him to be a spoiled wealthy man who is unsociable and selfish. In return, Darcy also showed his prejudices towards her by thinking that she was not in effect(p) for him because she belonged to the lower class part of the society. Hence, the situation indicates how their impulsive and superficial judgments of each other led them to take back their words and eradicate their pride and prejudices towards each other. They gradually transformed into humble beings who were capable of admitting and accepting their shortcomings. check to Christopher Booker, author of The Seven Basic PlotsWhat we see here is a story completely shaped by the underlying form of Comedy, but in a new kind of treatment where the conventions about misunderstandings, disguises, failure to recognize identity and dark figures get caught out are no longer presented in the terms of the old stage devices, but rather more subtly, in terms of the gradual apocalypse of peoples true character from behind first mistaken impressions, and the discovery of true feelings, in a way which corresponds more to our experience of liveliness (Booker 134).Thus, two people, even with similar characteristics may not have similar outputs and can still be regarded contradictory in terms of beliefs. Like the char acters in the story, all have distinct personalities which enabled them to decide the way they did. If Elizabeth did not hastily judged Darcy in the first place which led her into rejecting his first marriage proposal, Darcy would not have humbled himself into further pursuing Elizabeth despite her initial rejection.He would not have rescued her family from social disgrace and reveal his true nature. Simply put, Elizabeth would not have change her opinion about Darcy and most probably reject him still. She would not have fallen in love with him and change her ways of being filled with prejudices. The following scenarios created a huge impact in the maturity and development of the characters in the story which proves that the transformation is indeed dependent on the characters actions and decisions.According to Nhu Les online article entitled, The Individualization of Elizabeth Bennet, she points out that Although Elizabeth comes to agree that Darcys previous actions were indeed jus tified . . . this transformation disables Elizabeths capacity to arrive at, and act upon, her own judgments. On the contrary, Darcys letter strengthens Elizabeths independence of mind. By accepting the fact that she has misjudged Darcy, Wickham, Jane, and Bingley, Elizabeth sharpens her ability to discern character.In turn, she develops a solidly establish self-confidence (Le). As one critic puts it, Both Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy develop an awareness of their place in the community and a recognition of the effects of their own speech (Colebrook 158). Conclusion Clearly, the arguments stated above identify the concept that Elizabeth and Darcys character transformation would not have been possible without their mistakes and initial false impressions of each other.This validates the fact that their development as individuals is highly rooted from their decisions and hasty judgmentsor rather their own pride and prejudices. Works Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice A Novel. capital of the United Kingdom R. Bentley. 1853. Booker, Christopher. The Seven Basic Plots Why We Tell Stories. New York Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. Colebrook, Claire. Irony. London Routledge, 2004. Le, Nhu. The Individualization of Elizabeth Bennet. 16 December 2008.

Renaissance Art and Culture

Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual activities, as well as societal and political confusion, it is perhaps best known for its prowessistic developments. Leonardo dad Vinci and Michelangelo were inspired by the term Renaissance man. Renaissance influence was felt up in literature, philosophy, graphics, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual study. Renaissance scholars used the sympatheticist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art. The civilizations of Greece and Rome were rediscovered, inspiring an have-to doe with in Classical learning which challenged medieval beliefs and ideas.The population was becoming wealthier which led to an increase in trade and travel and the spread of new ideas. The rise in prosperity also generated an interest in education, supported the flourishing of the arts and promoted scientific discoveries and new inventions. Perhaps the most authoritative of these was the prin ting press, which allowed the distri providedion of breeding to a much wider audience than ever before, further increasing the demand for more knowledge. INFLUENCE OF RENAISSANCE Renaissance was much more than a metempsychosis of classical art. It was a rejection of the mediate Ages, which were Just ending.During medieval times, the arts were concerned mainly with religion, with the life of the spirit, with the hereafter. Little importance was given to life on globe except as a preparation for the next world. only as the 1 5th century began, Italians were turning their attention to the world about them. nation started to think more about nonstructural, or nonreligious, matters. They began placing faith in their own qualities and their own importance. This new spirit was called humanism. Discipline, unquestioning faith, obedience to authoritythese medieval benefits were o longer blindly accepted.People asked questions and wanted to find their own answers. Artists were among the first affected by the new spirit of humanism. In their work they began to focus on human life on earth. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ART The Italian Renaissance was champion of the most productive periods in the history of art, with large numbers of neat masters to be found in many centers and in all the major fields painting, engrave, and architecture. In Florence, in the first half of the fifteenth century, in that respect were great innovators in all these fields, whose work raked a beginning off new era in the history of art.The idea of artistic genius became best-selling(predicate) Michelangelo was called divine because of the greatness of his creative powers. In the Renaissance, art and science were closely connected. Both the artist and the scientist strove for the mastery of the physical world, and the art of painting profited by dickens fields of study that may be called scientific anatomy, which made possible a more accurate representation of the human body, and mathematical perspective. Humanistic education, base on ethics and the liberal arts, was pushed s a way to create experienced citizens who could industriously unwrapicipate in the political process.Humanists celebrated the mind, beauty, power, and enormous authorisation of human beings. They believed that people were able to experience God directly and should have a personal, emotional relationship to their faith. God had made the world but piece were able to share in his glory by becoming creators themselves. INFLUENCE ON PAINTING The painting in France was known as Florentine painting. The techniques favor by the Florentine were tempera and fresco. The Tempera Painting In tempera painting a dry surface was used. A wooden panel was grounded with some(prenominal) coats of stick on in glue, and the work was then copied from a drawing.The colors were tempered with egg or vegetable albumin. The Fresco Painting The fresco technique, used for the wall painting paintings in Florentine church es, involved painting on wet plaster. The sketch was first copied on the plaster wall in rough outline, and the part on which the painter was going to work during a given day was then covered with fresh plaster. The painter had to redraw the part that had been covered by the new plaster and add the colors. As the plaster dried, the colors came a permanent part of it. ARTISTS DURING RENAISSANCE The beginning of the great Florentine school of painting came in the shopping mall Ages.Leonardo dad Vinci 0 Michelangelo The climax of late 1 5th-century painting came in the work of Leonardo dad Vinci (1452-1519). Leonardo studied painting in Florence, but he spent much of his life working in Milan. The last few years of his life were spent in France in the service of fairy Francis l. Leonardo is the perfect example of the Renaissance man because he was interested in and well informed about a great many subjects literature, science, thematic, artalmost everything about man and nature. Like many artists of the time, he was a sculptor and an architect as well as a painter.His paintings, particularly The brave Supper, the Mona Lisa, and The Madonna of the Rocks, have made him famous. The unique way he handled light and shadow is his most unusual characteristic. Leonardo remarkable ability to grasp and convey the mysteries of man and nature made him one of the greatest of all painters. He worked on the painting OF THE LAST SUPER from about 1495 to 1497. When compared to previous paintings of the same subject, its originality becomes evident. only extras have been eliminated the distant landscape, seen through the windows, increases rather than distracts from the main subject.There are no human figures other than Jesus and his disciples. All are placed on one side of a long table earlier artists had placed Judas across the table from the rest. To give dynamic character to a scene pictured in standing terms, Leonardo chose the moment when Jesus announced one of the disc iples would betray him. This terrible declaration sends a shock wave of feeling through the twelve. to each one is clearly differentiated from the others in the attitude and sutures with which he reacts to the Masters words, and yet all form a unity. The twelve are divided into four multitudes of three, each group having its own distinct character.In the center is Jesus, whose posture forms a triangle, a form on which Leonardo paintings were normally based. Jesus is serene and unmoved by the printing of his words. These are the qualities of the High Renaissance style simplicity austere rejection of the incidental and the merely pretty nobility and grandeur in the figures involved in actions of astuteness and signifi johnce. Michelangelo One of the greatest 16th-century artists was Michelangelo Bonaparte (1475-1564). In sculpture, architecture, and painting he was so outstanding that he was called divine.He became fascinated with the problems of representing the human body, and h e devoted himself completely to master them. In 1505 Michelangelo was called by Pope Julius II to Rome, where he was assigned to work on a number of projects. The most important were The Popes tomb, The decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine chapel in the Vatican The new basilica of SST. Pewters The Sistine ceiling, which took 4 years to paint under difficult conditions, is composed of hundreds of figures from the Old Testament. In all his representations of the human figure, whether in sculpture or in painting, Michelangelo strove to hurl them monuments.With the art of Michelangelo the High Renaissance came to its climax. His work, in fact, betrayed signs of a changing attitude in the art of the day. The twisted, tortured figures and the compressed lieu of his painting of The Last Judgment. Influence of Renaissance on Venice and Northern Italy Venice was the most important northern Italian city of the Renaissance. The Venetians lived a happy and luxurious life. Enjoying the be nefits of an active trade tit the east, they imported silks, Jewels, slaves, and exotic foods. Close connections with Eastern art and a naturally colorful location inspired the Venetian painters to use glary color.They were influenced by the new scientific developments in Florentine art. But their use of anatomy and perspective was combined with their love of color and pageantry. One of the most important north Italian painters was Andrea Antenna (1431-1506). Born in Pads, a city not far from Venice, Antenna introduced many Florentine characteristics into north Italian painting. He particularly admired the realism of Tangelos sculptures, and like Donated, he studied ancient Roman art. He used perspective to create the effect of a academic degree on which his figures perform.The greatest of the 1 5th-century Venetian painters was Giovanni Beeline Antennas friendship with Beeline had a direct influence on Venetian painting. Bellinis rich, mellow color and warm lighting process out the human qualities of his serene Madonna and saints. He was one of the first Italians to use oil paint on canvas. Two of Giovanni Bellinis pupils became the most outstanding Venetian painters of the High Renaissance. They were Giorgio and Titian. Gorinesss colorful and poetic pictures attracted a large following of artists known as Egregiousness painters.Titian began as a Egregiousness painter but developed far beyond this style. He achieved such mastery in the handling of bright, warm color that he was considered to be the equal of Michelangelo. In his late works figures and objects melt into a glow of light and colora treatment of painting that seems very modern. Renaissance in the North Oil painting had become popular in Venice by the end of the 15th century. The Venetians learned a great deal from Flemish artists. The Flemish painter Jan van is often given the credit for maturation an important oil technique.The Flemish and German styles of the early 1 5th century were complet ely different from the early Renaissance style of the Florentine. Instead of fair geometric arrangements of three-dimensional figures, as in Mosaics paintings, the northern Europeans aimed at creating realistic pictures by rendering count little detailsintricate floor patterns, drapery designs, and miniature landscapes. This complex style of the north did not develop from a humanistic classical art but from the Gothic tradition of mysticism and tortured realism. Flemish Painting Van Cocks Madonna painted in 1436, is an excellent example of Flemish realism.All the details of the roomthe patterned carpet, the armor of Saint George, and the architecturemake this picture seem very real. There is no sign of the Italian sense of beauty here the figures are not idealized. In the faces of the people can be seen the wrinkles and imperfections of real life. One of the best-known Flemish artists of the arcsecond half of the 1 5th century was Hugo van deer Goes. When the Florentine painters s aw Hogs work, they were strike by its lifelike quality. This Flemish influence can be seen in later Florentine nettings.Gradually the hard outlines of the Flemish style became softer because of Italian influences, and by the middle of the 16th century the ideas of the Renaissance had been absorbed into Flemish art. German Painting The German artist Albrecht purse went to Italy, where he was impressed by the countryside and by the art he saw. While in Venice, he came to know and admire Giovanni Beeline. Beeline, in turn, admired Udders work. Udder had been trained in the Gothic tradition of German art. He had learned to imitate nature accurately and painstakingly. He was a master in the use of sensitive line in drawings, woodcuts, engravings, and paintings.The End of the Renaissance During the second quarter of the 16th century, mannerism began to take hold in European art. This was the first truly international European style. Renaissance art had been typically Italian in style, b ut mannerism developed throughout Europe and combined many traditions. The art of northern painters such as Pitter Burgher the Elder and Udder can be considered part of this school. So can the work of Michelangelo and Tinderbox and many other 16th-century Italian artists. The work of the French painters of Fontainebleau and that of El Greece in Spain is also part of the mannerist style.Mannerism was both a reaction against and an outgrowth of the High Renaissance. It was typified by abnormally lengthened or distorted figures and the replacement of perspective with a flatter and less organized type of space. By the end of the 16th century the High Renaissance in Italy had given way to late mannerism and the early baroque. But the discoveries and ideals of the Renaissance remained as a permanent heritage to all artists who came afterward. The most important contribution of the Renaissance was its vision of man as beautiful, noble, and independent.

Parker

PARKER inditening global system Ankita Jain Hrishikesh V Nilotpal Sinha Abhinav Sharma Great Lakes Institute of Management November 18, 2011 Caesar had perished from the mankind of men, had not his sword been rescued by a save. Abstract In this study, we look at two strategies adopted by Parker Pen. The ? rst is a highly successful strategy of product di? erentiation through proficient innovation. The second is an unsuccessful execution of globalization strategy. 1 A brief chronicle of Parker Pen The Parker Pen Company was born in 1888 when George Sta? rd Parker tried to recourse some escape pens that were leaking and in the process began to manufacture his own pens. Six years later in 1894, Parker Pen won the patent of the Lucky cut off feed, which was claimed to draw excess ink back into the pen body when the pen was not in use. This technology remained the di? erentiating factor for Parker pens until the arrival of the Duofold in the 1930s. 1 2 The forty years period ra nging from 1920s to the 1960s, in the pre earthpoint pen era, was the golden period of Parker Pens reign when it consistently ranked both number genius or number two in world(a) piece of music instrument sales.In 1931 Parker Pen created 1 2 Key words and phrases. Parker Pen, fountain pen, b every(prenominal)-point pen. This study was conducted for completion of the group project for Strategy Execution. 1 the Quink ( energetic drying ink) which eliminated the need for blotting and led to the development of the most widely used pen in history Parker 51 which generated over $400 million in sales. A Parker pen stood for quality, prestige, tradition, steadfastness and strength highlighted by the fact that Parker pens were the pen of choice to sign all-important(prenominal) documents in history such as the World War II armistices.Parker Pen expanded its business and by mid-eighties the caller-out had ext mop uped up to 154 countries. The bon ton adopted globalization strategy to establish trade mien. However the execution of this strategy was unsuccessful the managers failed to create square-toed marketing strategies that would have do them contest in international markets with inexpensive products from other parts of the world. In 1993 Parker Pen was acquired by the Gillette Company, which already owned the reportMate brand, unmatched of the best-selling disposable ballpoints.In 2000, Gillette sell the writing instruments division to Newell Rubbermaid, whose own Stationery Division, Sanford, became the largest in the world owning such brand names as Rotring, Sharpie, Reynolds as well as Parker, PaperMate, Waterman and facile Paper. In recent years, Parker Pen has abandoned both the entry level market as well as the traditional retail outlets in northwestward America and moved into up-scale luxury retailers. 2 Innovation as a di? erentiation strategy Throughout its history, Parker Pen has used technological innovation as a strategy to di? erentiate itself from the competition.The company has been a pioneer in research on writing instruments and introduced several revolutionary products . In this section, we look at some of the iconic products from Parker Pens which have driven both the company as well as the pen market. (The current portfolio of Parker Pens products can be found in Ref. 1) 2. 1 Duofold 1921 In 1921 the company introduced the Parker Duofold (Ref. 2) fountain pen. It was a state of the art pen for its sentence and Parker Pen positioned the Duofold in the premier plane section and priced it expensively $7. 00, tantamount(predicate) to about $85 in 2011.In 1926 the Duofold became the ? rst pen in the world to have a guaranteed life of forever. It was an instant success. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle used one to write the exploits of operative Holmes. General Douglas MacArthur signed the document ending World War II in the 2 Paci? c with his 20 year old Duofold (Ref. 3). By the first 1930s the Duofolds design had g rown dated in the USA but it remained popular in Europe until the 1960s. In 1988, Parker launched the Duofold Centennial series of pens. The modern Duofold is a key part of Parker Pens product portfolio. . 2 Quink 1928 In 1928, afterward three years of research and an investment of $68,000, Parker Pen came up with Quink (a portmanteau word from quick and ink also known as Double Quink and Parker 51 Ink) that would eliminate the need for blotting. The success of Quink lay in the fact that it had a number of expedient features it resisted water, it did not clog, it had the desired quality of ink ? ow, it resisted moulding, it was non-corrosive, it did not leave deposits, it did not fade, and, most importantly, it was quick-drying.However, the new ink was strongly alkaline and contained isopropyl alcohol, a solvent not previously used in inks, which often damaged the pen barrels of that time which were manufactured using pyralin. This problem eventually led to the development of the worlds most successful pen, the Parker 51 in 1941. In 1941, when the Parker 51 was launched, Double Quink was renamed and repackaged as Parker 51 ink as a marketing initiative. Parker Pens ink sales became the key to maintaining the companys pro? tability.This revenue generation model is used by the modern day information processing system printer companies, whose main source of revenue comes from the sale of printer cartridges. Further enhancements were made to Parker Pen inks with its revolutionary Super Chrome ink. This ink was marketed in 1947 after a research period that lasted 17 years and cost over $200,000. This was the ? rst basic ink improvement in the last three centuries. Today, more than 70 years later, Quink is still the worlds biggest selling pen ink. 2. 3 Vacumatic 1933 The Parker Vacumatic (Ref. 4) fountain pen was introduced in 1933, as a replacing the Duofold as Parkers top-of-the-line product. The Vacumatic featured a new ? lling mechanism which boasted a muc h higher ink capacity than the Duofold. The pen remained Parkers top-of-the-line product until the launch of the Parker 51 in 1941. The US production continued through 1948, and until 1953 in Canada. 3 2. 4 Parker 51 1941 In 1941 Parker Pen introduced the Parker 51 (Ref. 5) which arguably is the best pen of all time both in terms of popularity and sales. General Eisenhower signed the victory in Europe in 1944.The futuristic design of the Parker 51 heralded as go Years Ahead of its time, a revolutionary pen, with its hooded, tubular tool and multi-? nned collector, all designed to work in conjunction with the pens proprietary ink, allowing the nib to stay wet and lay down an even line with either the ultra-fast drying ink or more traditional inks. It was advertised as the The Worlds Most cute Pen which created huge demand which took Parker several years to ful? l. By 1970, the Parker 51 generated over $400 million in sales, higher than that generated by any maven pen ever. 2. 5J otter 1954 In the 1940, the world had seen a ? erce battle for market share fought between the traditional fountain pens and the new ballpoint pens. Despite some initial success, ballpoint pens died a consumer death and by 1951, the fountain pen became the pen of choice of the world. In 1954, Parker Pens introduced its ? rst ballpoint pen, the Jotter which wrote ? ve times longer than the best ballpoint pens lendable in the market, the Eversharp and the Reynolds ballpoint pens. It was the introduction of Jotter that revived the ballpoint pen market. Parker sold 3. 5 million Jotters at $2. 5 to $8. 75 in less than one year. In 1957, Parker Pen introduced the T-ball Jotter with tungsten carbide textured ball bearing which to this date remains an industry standard. The famed styling of the Parker Duofold was revived in 1972 as a ball pen and within the next decade, ballpoint pens overtook fountain pen as the number choice of pen in the world. 3 Rise of competition 1980s After about a century of dominating the ? ne writing instrument market, Parker Pen entered into a period of crisis in the 1980s and the reason for this was that the company was driven by the wrong strategy.Parker was facing competition from three fronts. First, the Japanese were mass marketing cheaper and disposable pens and had captured a large portion of the low end market in USA and Europe and were gradually eating into Parker Pens market share. Second, like the Japanese, American brands such as Paper Mate, Bic, Pilot, and Pentel had created signi? cance presence in the low end segment and gradually eroding and were pulling away parker Pens customer. Third, in the high 4 end segment which had been Parker Pens main manoeuver segment, competition had become ? ercer with reputed German brands such as Montblanc and A.T. Cross making progress in the European markets. 4 Globalization strategy 1982 Parker Pen faced two contrasting challenges. On one side the weakened dollar generated high foreign revenue since about 80% of the companys sales were abroad, the pro? ts derived from those sales represented even big pro? ts when translated to topical anesthetic currency. But on the other side, this over dependency on foreign sales exposed the company to foreign competitors, especially the inexpensive brands from Japan which used low pricing as a strategy to compete in the international market.Parker Pen clear upd that a competitive strategy based on product di? erentiation through technological innovation was not su? cient to puzzle the challenge from competitors. In 1982, James R. Peterson became the CEO of Parker Pen,having joined it from Reynolds. He was given the responsibility of reinventing the brand. Peterson decided to launch a global marketing campaign to target all market segments. A consequence of the decision to adopt globalization was standardization. Everything including products as well as marketing campaign was to be standardized for all the markets across the world. Issues in executing globalization strategy When Peterson took over Parker, he was met by a highly proud, mismanaged company that prided itself on its extensive decentralization. The atmosphere re? ected the founders pride in the fact that they had a unique pen for every place in the world. They were a federation of autonomous geographical units. It became immediately invite to Peterson that huge changes were on the anvil. The immediate problems were twofold. The ? rst was the products positioning. Having positioned itself at the higher end of the market for a signi? ant part of the previous century, it had now began to face problems with regard to its image. It was piss that a complete clarity of its brand positioning and image was essential. The second issue that confronted Peterson was its complete ine? ciency in managing its product portfolio. When Peterson entered Parker, it didnt even have a proper idea of the execute of products that it was manufacturing. It was a s ituation of complete chaos 5 with more than 500 products in simultaneous existence. Its decentralise structure had completely rancid against its pro? ability, resulting in every distant subsidiary and distributor involved developing a customized product for that particular market. While the company was proud of its decentralized multinational structure, it was ailing on account of an obvious lack of economies of scale and a uni? ed command and strategy. The company clearly lacked a common crusade force across markets. However, this decentralization had its positive aspects as well, most notably in the area of advertising. Pens meant and mean di? erent things to di? erent people.While the Europeans tended to choose a pen based on its style and feel, people in less-developed countries tended to see a pen as nothing more than a badge of literacy. Within Europe itself for instance, tastes tended to vary from one country to another. While the French fork uped a de? nite attachment to the fountain pen, the Scandinavians favoured the ballpoint pen. The company justi? ed the existence of numerous advertising agencies in its employ emotional state that while it bred a certain amount of ine? ciency, it paid o? from a sales standpoint. Many individual advertising ? ms were able to develop nice customized messages for their audience that successfully struck a responsive chord within them. For instance, the Lowe Howard-Spink agency in London was able to make the UK division of Parker the most pro? table division during its tenure. Its creative genius is clearly visible in the advertisement that it created showing a dead plumber with a giant Parker pen protruding from his heart. The situation seemed bleak to Peterson. He immediately implemented a strategy by which Parker would position itself in the entry-level segment.He felt that in the face of the trends at that time, this would be the ideal positioning that would succeed in turning around the company. He also diss ociated Parker from the numerous advertising ? rms that it was associated with, retaining only one, Ogilvy and Mather, to oversee a worldwide common strategy in terms of communication and advertising. However, this strategy failed miserably on two counts. It failed to provide a customized communication strategy to each market and thus failed to account for the cultLural di? erences across geographies.It also failed to leverage the premium positioning of the brand and reduced it to an entry-level brand. 5. 1 Two speci? c cases of execution failures The following examples show two speci? c cases of execution failure by Parker Pen. 6 (a) At a corporate level, Parker Pen targeted almost all market segments. However at the business level, management failed to introduce products which would cover the market segments with middle and lower income levels. This allowed competitors with inexpensive products to take up the market. (b) Some of the marketing campaign failed to adjust to the local environment.For example, when Parker Pen ? rst expanded their market to Latin America, they wanted their advertisement to say, It wont leak in your sac and embarrass you. The company did not realize that the Spanish word embarazar has two meanings it means to embarrass, and it also means to impregnate. So, to some unsuspecting people, the ad read It wont leak in your pocket and make you pregnant. (Ref. 6) 6 Acquisition of Parker by Gillette and beyond In May 1993, Gillette announced its acquisition of Parker Pen Holdings Ltd (Ref. 7). (See Exhibit X).This made Gillette the world leader in the pen market. Gillette took an after-tax charge of $164 million for a reorganization of its overseas operations, including the integration of the Parker Pen facilities into the Gillette structure. Nearly 2000 jobs were lost as a result of this restructuring process. Gillette sold the writing instruments division to Newell Rubbermaid, whose own stationery division, Sanford became the largest in the world with brand names such as Rotring, Sharpie, Reynolds as well as Parker, PaperMate, Waterman and Liquid Paper under its umbrella.The next few years were one of a complete downsizing of Parker, marked by job losses across the board. In July 2009, the clxxx workers at the Parker headquarters of Newhaven, UK were given notice that the factory was going to be shut down on account of the production moving to France. On imposing 18, 2009, Newell Rubbermaid announced that Janesville Wisconsin would close the remaining operations of Parker. This resulted in the loss of 153 jobs. According to the company, This decision is a response to structural issues accelerated by market trends and is in no way a re? ction on the highly valued work performed by our Janesville employees over the years. Newell Rubbermaid stated an o? er of transitional traffic services and severance bene? ts. What remained of the Parker brand was moved to the upscale segment of the writing instrument market and was sold via luxury retailers. Traditional retail outlets were abandoned. This completely outback(a) the brand from the entry level segment of the market. 7 In 2011, Parker Pen announced the ? nest innovation in the history of writing, Parker 5TH Technology which o? ers a genuine ? th way of writing. Until then the world knew only four forms of ? ne writing fountain pen, ball point, roller ball and the windup(prenominal) pencil. ground-breaking innovation has rea? rmed placed Parker as leaders in terms of both innovation and market share. 7 7. 1 Exhibits Financial statement 8 7. 2 Product display Duofold Lucky 8 Limited Edition Ingenuity Parker 51 9 7. 3 Current product portfolio TABLE I T ype Ink Quink Fountain Pen Duofold, Premier, Sonnet, Vector, IM Ballpoint pen 7. 4 M odel Facet, Executive, Esprit, Frontier, Urban, I. M. , Vector JotterAcquisition of Parker by Gillette References 1 http//parkerpens. net/catalogue/parker catalogue 2009. pdf 2 http//www. parkerpen. com/en /discovery/range/iconic/duofold 3 http//www. patricktaylor. com/parker-duofold 4 http//www. vintagepens. com/Parker Vacumatics. shtml 5 http//www. pentrace. net/penbase/Data Returns/full article. asp? id=468 6 http//parkerpens. blogspot. com/2007/09/advertizing-campaings-that-wentwrong. html 7 http//www. nytimes. com/1993/05/08/business/company-news-gillette-completesacquisition-of-parker-pen. html 10

Assessing a Underachieving Employee Essay

Executive SummaryThis is a short report rough assessing an underachieving employee that I personally had to deal with. It discusses the problems that arose. I analysed them and then put into place a couple of solutions.The most problematic ready situation that I personally encountered was with a work colleague who was a young lady working at the Cooperative food group and she was underachieving. This relates to the c at a timepts of allow2, An introduction to human resource management in military control, session 4 Assessing and develop people at work. When my work colleague first started workingat the Cooperative she was an excellent worker who gave 100% all the time. She had worked at the Cooperative for salutary over devil years and we were in the process of thinking near promoting her from a customer service assistant to a supervisor. She started to make mistakes at the checkout, our motorcoach no polishedd cash shortages, missing transaction paperwork and mistakes on the lottery and paypoint terminals. As a supervisor my manager asked me to monitor the situation over a two week period and to write down any mistakes or cash shortages and put the dates they happened so that our manager could decide what the next course of action would be.Assessing a Underachieving EmployeeThe analysis of the problems that arose.I am using concepts from book 2, An introduction to human resource management in business, session 4, assessing and developing people at work. These mistakes that my work colleague were making could be happening for a number of reasons. She could be having financial difficulties so she has stolen the money that is why there are cash shortages, even so that does not explain why the other mistakes have occurred on the lottery and paypoint terminals and its very easy to jump to the wrong conclusion when analysing this. I cerebrate the main point to be about performance management as it states in book 2, session 4.1, performance management en suring that staff are propel. I dont think she is motivated anymore, as when she is at work she is stuck on a checkout for very long periods of time.There is no variety in her capriole role to keep her motivated, and to be perfectly honest when other members of staff are busy she does give forgotten about and if she does not ask the other members of staff she would not even get her breaks as they forget about her. Doing the same thing day in day and day out can become a bit monotonous. This is why her performance has started to suffer as she feels deflated and demotivated. It is as though she has given up on this job and just turns up because she has to and she needs the money. As it states in book 2, session 4.2 Assessing performance the person may lack direction or be working to less than full capacity. Which in this case I believe to be true. This will affect how the business is run if not dealtwith as other members of staff could start to do the same. Customers will not want to shop there if the staff dont show an interest. The standards that were once there will start to drop resulting in a negative impact on the business.A solution to the problems that occurredThe first thing I would do would be to set up a record of coming upons with this work colleague and our manager. This is a discussion about what is happening and it is recorded for future reference. At this meeting I would discuss how we can move forward together as a team. I would explain to her the importance of her job role and how important it is to get it right. I would set her small achievable targets to aim for with rewards given when achieved. Arranging regular meetings is also a good idea this could be done as a performance appraisal. As it states in book 2, session 4.4, table 4.2, it has the Opportunity to motivate staff by recognising achievements. I believe this is what is needed in this situation, she needs to feel like a valued team member, this would then give her the motivation needed to do her job correctly and to her full capacity, the business will then be more productive as it stated in book 2, session 4.2 Assessing performance.I may then look into whether she would be interested in changing her job role a little, for example, stock replenishment, and fetching deliveries in, checking dates on products, that sort of thing. This would give her some variety in her job and hopefully motivate her again. This would require more training and cost the business, however if she is just on the checkouts and not been monitored she is costing the business money anyway by means of the mistakes she is making. Some of this training would be done externally, through training courses, however most of the training would be done by coaching. As it states in book 2, session 4.6, Developing is not just training courses, coaching a way of transferring knowledge and skill from a more experienced person to a less experienced person. I think this is the best way forward for th is work colleague in this situation.Research from the InternetI looked on the internet and did some research to see how to develop underachievers at work. I put up two the first one was Yourbusiness.azcentral.com. It basically states that underachievers inhibit teamwork and lower morale of other staff members. It also says you need to form relationships with employees, so you can create a willingness to help the individual. It also says to set incremental goals for the employee. What this website was saying make sense, however Im not sure how reliable this source is as it wants me to subscribe to them. The next one I looked at was www.acas.org.uk. I found this website very interesting as it gives a full list of different forms that you can print including appraisal forms, absence record sheets and lots of information about how to manage performance. I believe this to be a reliable source as this organisation is devoted to preventing and resolving employment issues, also it wasnt difficult to sell me anything.Tutor group forumI particularly enjoyed the tutor group forum activity 2.1 Work Pleasure or Pain? It was nice that most people thought the same as me, in that they enjoyed their work. My husband hates work and never understands how I can enjoy going to work. I wholly agreed with what Mark Pickering said in that work is a pleasure and that it allows me to achieve my goals in life, while providing for my family.ReferencesBook 2 (2012) An introduction to human resource management in business The Open University, Milton Keynes. Study Companion (2012), The Open University, Milton Keynes.Yourbusiness.azcentral.com.www.acas.org.uk

Economic and environmental costs Essay

Technology is the knowledge of physical equipment, their processes, skills and knowledge to make lay outive use these advancements. stock-still the innovation of new technology comes with its disadvantages. Externalities be the be or benefits that a use of a technology creates for a third party. Consequently, due to the mix of costs and benefits, the philanthropist- Kranzberg famously said Technology is neither good nor bad, nor it is neutral. The externalities that I will pay the most emphasis on, atomic number 18 the negative unforeseen consequences of technological innovation.With the exponential function growth of the population and the demand for technology becoming greater by the day, we are now dependent on technology. However social factors much(prenominal) as health issues, economic factors such as the costs of fuel alternatives and environmental costs of a decrease in biodiversity make technological innovation a controversial subject. Technological innovation was sp arked by the industrial revolution, and we are still reliant on the same fossil fuels today. Due to incomplete combustion of the fuel, one C particulates are released into the air.This is seen in not only the production of technology, but in transport too. Despite much cars becoming more fuel efficient, 99. 99% of each cars (1. 2bn worldwide) run on fossil fuels. Although some cars have catalytic converters, carbon particulates are released in the older cars. When consumed these particles can cause serious health issues such as asthma and in some cases lung disease. Serious health problems that can sometimes lead to fatalities. The automotive industry is worth over $1. 6 trillion, and wins 7. 25 million jobs.It has few economic costs, but due to the rise of TNCs leakage occurs at an astonishing rate. With Audi, Germany, Ford and Mercedes outsourcing in Mexico. Mexico receives on average 0. 67% of profits from those 4 companies. The leakage benefits the economy of the source coun try, damages the environment of the host country and its economy. Due to the fact that fossil fuels are a impermanent resource companies have started to find different fuel alternatives. However these are very expensive therefore damaging the companys economic state, whereas its coach is to increase its shareholder value.Due to almost 100% of cars victimisation fossil fuels, they release 4. 4bn tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere each year accelerating the enhanced greenhouse effect. As not only does this push us closer to the tipping point, but it also is absorbed by water, making it acidic threatening marine life. Overall the development of technology in the automotive industry generally benefits the economy, and with more and more cars implementing tech to produce less particulates there will be less respiration problems.However the environmental cost is huge, with the vast amounts of C02 emitted each year, the worlds climate is becoming unstable. The Gene Revolution has lead t o the development of genetically modified (GM) crops. This has increased yields of the crop, makes them more resistant to tough climates and can make them more nutritious. Making the crops more resistant to extreme conditions makes people dependent on these plants. However as they are more expensive to source, there has been the socio-economic extend to of social polarisation- this is where the divide among the rich and the poor becomes more apparent.This is because the poorer farmers get less business, as they dont have the GM crop to sell on, furthermore the lack of money creates the secondary impact of not being able to afford healthcare or education for slip. Monsanto is the one of the largest TNCs in the GM crop industry, and is now worth $15bn. Like the other automotive TNCs mentioned in this assignment leakage occurs as they have a 45% premium on their employees, so most money goes back to the host country. The green revolution spreads technology that hasnt been implement outside industrialised nations.Using fertilisers and pesticides on crops has transformed the agriculture industry, it most of the hunt done is to introduce modern irrigation systems and add chemicals to meliorate crop varieties and improve yields. This has led to less famine and has also contributed to the population growth (Increased from 4bn in 1930s when it was foremost introduced to 7. 125bn now). It has also caused many issues. The main social consequence is once more health related as the consumption of these chemicals has lead to 1mn cases of pesticide poisonings in 2015 with 20,000 of these cases turning out to be fatal.Due to the world grain production increasing by 230% between 1950 and 2015, clearing out 2 million acres of rainforests for grain. This in turn has decreased biodiversity in those areas by on average 2. 45% wherefore unbalancing the local food web. In addition to this, biodiversity decreases, as only one type of crop is grown-Monoculture, as this is the crop with the highest yield. This limits the amount of animals that can situate themselves in that area. The use of agrochemicals has led to eutrophication, while over use of irrigation has created salinization of soils and droughts.However for crops such as HYV rice, yields are low without these chemicals creating a dependency. The green revolution has shown the economical benefits of using chemicals, however, it has lead to many health related issues and threatens the life in the area due to bioaccumulation. Nevertheless due to its success farmers are dependent on these agrochemicals to provide for their family. Speaking of something we are dependent on, here s something some teenagers cant live without Mobile phones.The mobile phone industry is the fastest development industry worldwide, with its worth in 2013 being $200bn, this year it has surpassed $410bn. In the last 44 years we have gone from no mobiles being available to 5bn phones exchange since. With the introduction of t he smartphone, communication with business, friend and family has never been quicker and easier. Due to mobiles using microwave radiation to send and receive messages, they slightly warm areas of your body that they are in contact with, which could cause mutations. Although it is not proven, there are correlations with phone usage with brain tumours and low sperm counts.My generation will be the first generation that has had mobile phones throughout their whole lives, and therefore the data collected about these health issues will be unprecedented. The externalities from the rise of mobile phones go down the stairs the radar. With the introduction of the smart phone, which can now do almost anything, many businesses have seen a decrease in sales as the phone has zoned them out. An example of this is the toy company Mattel, which has seen a $20 decrease in share price from 2013 to 2016 which correlates with the development of mobile gaming.Another example of this knock on effect is the 70% decrease in digital camera sales since 2009, due to phone cameras becoming better and better. With the amount of mobile devices set to exceed the valet population in the next 5 years, production is going to be faster than ever. In 2015 it was estimated that mobile production released 36mn tonnes of C02 into the atmosphere, due to the requirement of fossil fuels to work and make the machines for production. The versatility of the smartphone has changed our lives, and business across the globe.However with its built in obsolescence, and the materials being hard to recycle, many mobiles are finding themselves on landfill sites harming the environment. Overall the economic impact of technological innovation is the greater than the other unforeseen consequences. The externalities it caused by the genetic, and the green revolution led to the secondary impacts of having a lack of money for healthcare and education. By damaging the potential of the future these technological innova tions cannot be seen as sustainable.As this development creates the social polarisation, between the rich and the poor, it also further increases the difference between the North South divide, as the money from the TNCs such as Audi sees 99% of their money go back to Germany, and 1 % stays in Mexico. The environmental concerns are the second largest in my opinion due to the huge amounts of carbon dioxide emitted, and how close we are to the global temperatures tipping point and the further consequences this has. Finally I nonplus social concerns last as they are mainly short term, and should be solved by new technology in the next decade or two.

Nest Coffee Essay

1. Batch 2011-2014 Course Code 50121308Course Name securities industrying II Roll 601 grant 302 2. Brand Name Nescafe Parent Company NestleYear of Establishment of Nestle 1866 IntroductioNestle was established in Switzerland by Henri Nestle n Year of Entering the Indian Market 1961 First Plant set up at Moga, Punjab Brief Overview In 1930 the Brazilian governmentapproached Nestle to create a new instant java that would ground the consumer another(prenominal) option and at the same time increase the dwindling coffee exports of Brazil. It took eight years but in 1938 Nestle introduced Nescafe. 3. Product array (in India) 4.STP Analysis Targeting A target market is a set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. Positioning. Position is the act of conniving the company image to occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target markets. A product position is the way the product is defined by consumer attributes Segmentation Market s egmentation means dividing a market into smaller group with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour who might require separate products or marketing mixes. 5. Segmentatio n Geographical Segmentation Nescafe has divided the country into four segments i.e. Southern, Northern, Eastern and Western. The Southern Segment consumes the most amount of Coffee and prefers hard and roast coffee. Where was in Northern region, Nescafe instant coffee is consumed in higher quantities. Demographical SegmentationNescafe has tried to segment every age group, families, region, gender and different socio-economic. 6. Segmentatio Past n Nescafe was targeted to morning time people PresentNescafe is now targeting the Youth According to Andrew Ward, worldwide account director ofNescafe has launched a $30 millionglobal campaign, specifically aimed at 16-24 years old.Use of Youth Icons the like Purab Kohli, Vir Das and Deepika Padukone as According to McCann-Erickson Brand Ambassadors World Group, co ffee is the most popular drink among the youth. 7. Examples NESCAFE CAPPUCCINO Targeted to Premium urban consumers Core audience aged 17-30 Concentrates on the theme of The magic world of endless pleasure. NESCAFE CLASSIC Targeted to The urban professional Core audience aged 20-30 Concentrates on the classic taste of coffee with the tagline Coffee at its Best 8.Positioning Nescafes positioning is 1 coffee cup, 1 good feeling The TVCs and all Promotional Messages focus on passing love between two person. Sharing a cup of coffee is shown as a symbol of sharing happiness. The Red Nescafe mug is another popular symbol which associates the Brand Nescafe with the concept sharing happiness. Nescafe Classic is positioned as 100% Pure Instant Coffee Nescafe Cappuccino is being positioned as A consecutive Cafe 9. Tvc and Print Ads They all focus on positioning the brand as a symbol of shared happiness.

Air Force community Essay

the States is a coun estimate with diverse population groups that continue to increase each year. The aesculapian community moldiness keep up with the changing times and adapt their preaching practices to meet the demand of providing overall lineament health c ar. There argon many facets in which cultural differences come into play and especially during the forbearing provider relationship. It is serious for the medical examination community and staff members to be prepared.In this paper, a discussion of the results from the date entitled the quality and culture screen will be accomplished along with exploring and expanding on the answers that were incorrect. In areas that were answered incorrectly, responses will be proposed with situations that could improve the patient outcome in the future. (MSH, n. d. ). . The quality and culture quiz was interpreted twice, with an initial score of 14 and the second time was a 16 out of a issue forth of 23 questions.Both times taking t his quiz I felt I scored pitiableer than expected. The quiz was taken twice because the initial score was so low. I was sure I could score break away the second time, but the outcome was about the same originally reading the correct answers. Even though I have been a medical assistant and an emergency medical technician for over 20 days it seemed to non have much of an impact when taking this quiz. In the Air Force community and notwithstanding more in the medical community, diversity is touched upon but is not emphasized very much.In the clinic, we have patient rights and pamphlets available in Spanish but that is about it. I know we withal have an interpreter listing for the base in case one is needed. I attribute my low score to not being exposed to many patients with diverse backgrounds and cultures and not having the training that so important in todays society. As health care workers in the military, I believe we are sheltered to the foreign happenings because we do no t see or hear about community events outside of the base in our everyday work environment. (MSH, n. d. ).The areas that I did well in were understanding that there could be cross-cultural confusion when explaining various medical information and procedures by the patient, patients may not report adequate health information because they cannot communicate well or the provider may misapprehend the particular symptom, as a provider being aware of personal biases and giving the proper treatment for the condition, ask direct and open-ended questions from the patient, practice creating a nonjudgmental atmosphere where the patient feels comfortable to try the medical advice of the provider, being aware that there could be underlying circumstances when not adhering to suggest medical treatment, and knowing that utilizing designated interpreters during patient encounters is ideal as compared to involving the family members because they can be often times they are alike emotionally involved to tell an accurate story. (MSH, n. d. ).The areas where I need improvement and further comprehension are the impact of cultural competency on clinical outcomes, communicating and working with an interpreter, including the patients family during medical visits, being aware that some patients will seek customary healing measures before giving in to Western medicine and being aware of mannerisms from different culture groups. (MSH, n. d. ). Maintaining cultural competency in the positive and negative areas is a constant work in progress. There are changes every day that we as future health educators must work towards.It is a matter of continuing to read, search and apply what we have learned to every patient encounter and to always treat the patient as a loved one would want to be treated. It can only result in a positive result for all involved. (MSH, n. d. & MSH, 2009) References Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (1995). Health and culture Beyond the Western Paradigm. Thousand Oaks Sage Publica tions, Inc. Retrieved on March 15, 2010. Management Sciences for Health. (n. d. ). The Providers Guide to Quality and Culture. Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http//erc. msh. org/mainpage. cfm? file=1. 0. htm& staff=provider&language=English&ggroup=&mgroup= Management Sciences for Health. (2009). Stronger health systems. Greater health impact. Retrieved March 15, 2010 from http//www. msh. org/.

History Questions and Answers on France Essay

1.How far did catnap nap maintain the ideals of the french Revolution during the period 17991815?The signalize fill out is the relationship between cat sleep nap and the French Revolution. How far invites candidates to submit the extent and limits of the exact that he maintained revolutionary ideals. These ideals can be summa explicated quickly as liberty, equality and fraternity. The Revolution had seek greater equalisation between classes, the linguistic sway of law and the end of secular and religious privilege. The focus should be on the period from 1799 to 1915 and there is no submit for long biographys of the period from 1789 as long as answers can put forty winks into context. short sleep maintained that he was the son of the Revolution and his Code incorporated umpteen measures that ensured the dominate of law.He prevail onward motion by merit rather than by birth. He confirmed the changes to property ownership that had taken place. On the other hand, t he Code benefited the middle classes to a greater extent than the peasantry and the emphasis on authority in the family returned to pre-1789 values. His incur was authoritarian and the establishment of the Empire was a contradiction of republican principles. Opponents were prosecuted by an active constabulary system, headed by Fouch. Government institutions were non individual and sleep was commensurate to nominate those to high offices. Lesser officials, although elected, could be removed. at that place is no need for long narratives of orthogonal(prenominal) policy just it give be relevant to formulate how far it was driven by personal, rather than revolutionary, motives. Answers worth 22-25 pass on consider two sides of his rule and know to clear conclusions. 19-21 answers result be more often than non secure just now pull up stakes miss twain(prenominal)(prenominal) come-at-able lines of discussion. 11-13 answers depart show a basic experience of his r ule besides will be real narrative or descriptive, just several(prenominal)times incomplete. 14-15 can be a fightded to fuller descriptions. 16-18 answers will make some salient points of comment in otherwise largely descriptive accounts.2 How far did short sleep nap achieve his aims in home(prenominal) policy?The key issue is Napoleons success in achieving his aims in house servant policy. The brain is deliberately worded to exclude discussion of foreign policy and this will be immaterial unless referred to shortenedly in an introduction or conclusion. For character, a good point would be that Napoleon achieved power largely by conquest and was then was brought down by sorrow abroad, non by knowledgeable opposition. But this does not mean that victory and conquer abroad must be expound in detail. Answers can be awarded 11-13 marks when they postulate relevant barely basic descriptions of domestic policy. These answers will give little consideration to Napoleons a ims and will plausibly be very uncritical. heavy descriptions but with a similar approach can be awarded 14-15 marks. The 16-18 fate will desire some specific study of aims although these superpower be treated broadly the description will be sort of full. The discriminating operator for the 19-21 band will be the concentration on aims and their achievement although the essays will contain some gaps. For good example, they big businessman be very one-sided. More complete assessments that consider alternatives can be awarded 22-25 marks.Napoleon aimed at personal power and he secured this from 1799, with the Consulate, and then 1804, with the Empire, until 1814. But candidates should note his abdication before his stillborn return. Credit will be given when candidates consider how far he wished to continue the reforms of the Revolution. He sought to maximise his support and offered promotion by merit. However, political opponents were treated harshly by the police system bel ow Fouch. His attempts to stabilise the economy can be escortd as can his relations with the Roman Catholic Church, which he stabilised. Candidates should consider the importance of the Code Napoleon.3.The aims and methods of Cavour were completely different from those of Mazzini. How far do you agree with this head?The key issue is the comparison of Cavour and Mazzini. Answers should be reasonably equaliserd in their treatment of the two men. 6040 either way can deserve any mark band 7030 will norm in ally lead to the award of one band lower than would otherwise be given. The 11-13 band will require a basic knowledge and sagaciousness of one man. Answers in the 22-25 band will be fully relative. They will differentiate between aims and methods and support the argument by sound knowledge. close to candidates, tear down in this band, can be counted to agree with the strike in the question but credit should be given to candidates who are aware of some common ground, e.g. both wished to make Italy an independent assign and motto Austria as the major stumbling block. 19-21 answers will show good qualities but will be less impressive, perhaps by lacking a distinction between aims and methods or by act a more uneven comparison.There will be some comparison in the 16-18 answers but the approach will be mostly descriptive or narrative. The emphasis on narrative will probably be characteristic of answers in the 11-13 and 14-15 mark bands. In their aims, Mazzini always sought the unification of all of the Italian peninsula. Cavour began by seeking to make Piedmont a more all- of import(prenominal) and extended state in northern Italy and was initially reluctant to embrace the southwestwardern states. Mazzini was a democratic republican. Cavour was a monarchist whose ideas of republic were more modified. Mazzini wished Italians to gain independence by themselves Cavour aimed to win European support for his designs.In methods, Mazzini embraced revolutionar y methods, for example in the 1830s and in 1848. He tried to build an alliance of all classes although he failed to do so. Cavour began by strengthening Piedmont. He opposed revolutions but manipulated plebiscites to give the appearance of popular support for his policies. Diplomacy, especially with Napoleon III of France, was a vital means of isolating Austria and supplementing the weak Piedmontese army. To the dismay of Mazzini and Garibaldi, Cavour was willing to surrender some Italian territories to gain his wider ends (Nice and Savoy to France). Although not an ally of the Roman Catholic Church, Cavour saw the importance of not alienating the papacy, unlike Mazzini.4.How far was Napoleon Bonaparte an oppressive ruler in his domestic policies from 1799 to 1815? The key issue is the assessment of Napoleons domestic policies. abroad policy will be irrelevant unless mentioned briefly in an introduction or conclusion. For the highest marks, 21 25, Examiners will reckon answers t o consider the case for and against the claim that he was oppressive, coming to a clear conclusion. For 11-13 marks, answers should be expected to demonstrate a basic knowledge and understanding of the main elements of domestic policies. Some policies magnate be seen by some as oppressive and by others as liberating. 1799 marks the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul after the fall of the Directory. oddly during the Consulate, he implemented many reforms much(prenominal) as the Code Napoleon and the Concordat (1801).The former helped to resume administrative order to France and guaranteed certain rights but it as well strengthened Napoleons authority. The latter was a reconciliation between France and the Papacy/Roman Catholic Church. This pleased many French people who kept up(p) their religious views but it afforded Napoleon a considerable measure of control over the Church. The Empire (1804) saw Napoleon achieve even more power and he was dominant over every candidate of French life. Candidates can explain administrative measures that cemented the authority or oppression of the Emperor. Officials were nominated rather than freely elected. The most flourishing candidates should be able to note and assess the reasons for the continuing opposition to Napoleon inwardly France which was controlled to some extent by a harsh police system.Answers worth 11-13 marks should display basically driveable knowledge but there will be little considered assessment. 14-15 marks can be awarded to answers that are relevant and more detailed but still more dependent on narrative and description than assessment and comparison. 16-17 marks might be awarded to answers that contain more psychoanalysis and assessment but where the assessment might be largely implicit. 18- 20 marks will be appropriate for answers that focus on the key issue but in which there is evident imbalance and unevenness. The discriminating factor in the 21-25 mark answers might well be their s uccess in providing convincing assessments.5.From 1789 to 1799, who posed the more dangerous threats to the French Revolution its internal or its external enemies? The key issue is the threats or dangers to the French Revolution. Candidates should note that the question ends in 1799 with the coup dtat of Brumaire, the end of the Directory, and Napoleons entrance money to the Consulate. No particular ceilings are suggested for incomplete answers but answers that end in 1794-95 with the fall of the Jacobins might be worth at least one band lower than would otherwise be awarded. Candidates should consider both internal and external threats. Answers that discuss only one aspect and completely ignore the other cannot expect more than a mark in a middle band.However, examiners will not look for an even balance in even the best essays a just balance but one that is weighted to one side can score very highly. The quality of the argument will be of introductory importance. Internal enemi es included the King and court to Louis execution in 1793. His recognition of the Revolution, and the concessions that he agreed, were half-hearted. Royalists within France and those who leftfield the country (migrs) keep to agitate. The influential Church was hostile. Conservative expanses of France, especially the more rural areas, were hostile to the changes, such as the Vende. From 1795, the Directory tried to draw back from the alleged excesses of previous years but was unrealised in controlling disorder until the advent of Napoleon.France had to face foreign enemies from the inception of the Revolution and open war broke out in 1792 against Austria and Prussia. The danger of overwhelming defeat and the fall of the Revolution seemed very real. Foreign enemies ulterior included Britain, Holland and Spain. Although unsuccessful at home, the Directory had more success abroad, especially by means of the victories of Napoleon in Italy. Weak answers will probably be vague about the threats and might be confined to very general accounts of the Revolution. Answers in the middle bands might focus on threats but deal with them in a highly descriptive manner, lacking assessment and comparison. The most successful answers can be expected to be analytical, focused on assessment and supported by appropriate factual knowledgeWhy did Louis 16s policies from 1789 fail to prevent his execution in 1793? The key issue is the assessment of Louis sixteens policies as a reason for his execution. The question asks Why? and examiners will award the highest marks to answers that are analytical, providing a series of reasons for the execution of Louis XVI. However, excellent answers can be organised chronologically because the period from 1789 to 1793 saw many changes that can be examined sequentially. Candidates might examine his reluctance to accept the comparatively moderate changes that were demanded by the ordinal Estate in 1789. He sided with the First and Second Esta tes until he was forced to concede.He was forced to accept the Declaration of Rights and the Civil Constitution of the clergy. Suspicions that he wanted to overturn the concessions, probably with foreign assistance, were reinforced when he fled to Varennes. Answers in Band I should also consider the impact of other factors that led to the Kings execution. These included a worsening economic situation and the rise of political radicalism, leading eventually to the (brief) gloat of Robespierre and the Jacobins, who were directly responsible for Louis XVIs execution. War and counter-revolution in the provinces threatened the gains of the Revolution and had an impact on the Kings situation. The Grand Peur, the Terror and the influence of Paris and the sans-culottes might be seen as try of the burgeoning influence of the urban lower classes. Some candidates might consider the write up of the Queen, Marie Antoinette, and the royalist supporters.7. The divisions among the revolutionarie s were the most important reason why Austria was able to suppress the revolutions in Italy and Germany in 184849. How far do you agree with this claim? The key issue is the reason for the failure of the revolutions of 184849 in Italy and Germany. Examiners will expect a reasonable balance in the discussion of the two regions for marks in Bands 1 and 2 (1820 2125). 6040 either way will be acceptable. An understanding of the revolutions in one region will be required for Band 5 (1113). Candidates can argue that other factors were more important than divisions among the revolutionaries, for example Austrian military power, but the stated factor should normally be given some attention for Band 5. In Italy, the revolutionaries had different aims.For some, local grievances were most important. For example, Sicily resented rule by Naples. Mazzini and Garibaldi aimed at wider issues when they constituted the Roman state. Piedmonts leaders had a different agenda. In Germany, Liberals dema nded constitutional reform but disagreements appeared, for example over the role of Prussia. There was no coordination between the movements. Religious divisions between Catholics and Protestants were important. Candidates might explain the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament. On the other hand, Austrias army was stronger than any force that the revolutionaries could muster. Their generals were more capable answers might mention Radetsky in Italy.8. How far did Napoleon Bonaparte ensure liberty and equality in his domestic government of France? The key issue is the nature of Napoleons government of France. The question clearly refers to domestic issues discussions of foreign policy or the impact of Napoleons rule on other countries will not be relevant unless they are a brief part of introductions or conclusions. One would expect answers in Bands 1 (2125) and 2 (1820) to consider arguments for and against Napoleons support for liberty and equality. However, examiners should not requ ire an equal balance. The balance will reflect the argument. For example, it might reject liberal measures as of minor importance.Answers in other Bands might plump for an argument that accepts or rejects liberty and equality without considering the alternative at all. It will be relevant to discuss the Code Napoleon (1804), an attempt to unify the diverse laws of France. Its confirmation of equality before the law and the end of privilege, and religious toleration would point towards Napoleons liberalism. Careers were open to talent. However, associations of workers were illegalize and women were given fewer rights than men. Napoleon kept a tight hold on power through his autocratic rule. Officials were nominated and the Empire ensured Napoleons personal rule. Opposition was suppressed and reference might be made to the work of Fouch as Minister of Police. Equality was limited by the restriction of promotion to Napoleons supporters.9. Why was Napoleon Bonaparte able to become Empe ror of France? The key issue is the creation of the Empire by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Question asks Why and examiners will be looking for analysis when awarding the two highest Bands. It will be relevant to explain the background to Napoleons rise to show his appeal after the instability of the previous decade. However, surveys need to be linked to the Empire to spoil a high reward. Napoleon offered military success in the revolutionary wars especially against Austria the failure of the Egyptian campaign was offset by propaganda. He also gained support because of his ability to put down mutiny and disorder within France.He managed to out manoeuvre colleagues in the Consulate and caught the imagination of France by establishing the Empire, promising to safety the ideals of the Revolution and maintain order. He had pursued populist policies, for example in the Codes and through the Concordat. War was not a heavy expense for the French people but made Napoleons reputation. scour th e Egyptian expedition did not reflect badly on him. It will not be necessary, and probably irrelevant, to narrate the developments of foreign relations and campaigns but candidates can point out the resulting popularity within France. Although the Empire contradicted the republicanism that was at the heart of the French Revolution from 1792, it promised to maintain the ideals of the Revolution whilst, at the same time, ensuring order and efficiency. Some, such as extreme royalists and Jacobins, were not reconciled but Napoleons autocracy and the establishment of the Empire were not seriously threatened by other people or alternative ideas.10 How far was France a police state under Napoleon Bonaparte from 1799 to 1814? The key issue is in the phrase police state. The question asks How far..? and candidates should examine both the extent and limits of the claim. However, examiners will not expect balanced answers. The French were completely free under Napoleon but many candidates migh t judge that France was indeed a police state and therefore devote most of their time to this argument. An uncritical acceptance of this view might be worth up to Band 2 (and Band 1 might be achieved by excellent discussions) but normally answers in the highest band might be expected to consider both sides. Napoleon seized power in 1799, reduced the other Consuls to impotence and then declared himself Emperor in 1804.Although these changes were approved by plebiscites, and were genuinely supported by most French people, they represented authoritarian rule and the results of the plebiscites were rigged to produce even larger majorities in favour. Fouch headed the Ministry of Police. Letters of arrest very similar to the Bourbons lettres de sealskin were used. Opponents were detained. The press was heavily censored and the state itself engaged in widespread propaganda.Napoleons governments under the Consulate and Empire gave him considerable power over central and local administratio n. The Codes might have guaranteed some freedoms but they were also a device to bring order and obedience to France. The Concordat with the Papacy (1801) recognised the need to conciliate the Roman Catholic Church and it also allowed some toleration to Protestants but its justification to Napoleon was political rather than moral. On the other hand, it can be argued that police action was not indiscriminate. umpteen French people found conditions improving. There is no need to compare Napoleons rule with other revolutionary regimes (or other police states) but brief comparisons can be given credit.11Why was Louis XVI executed in 1793? The key issue is the reasons for Louis XVIs execution. The question asks Why? and candidates should provide a series of reasons. Most candidates can be expected to begin in 1789. It will be ticklish to make material before 1789 relevant. Some might take a narrower approach with the rise of the Jacobins. As always, the main criterion in assessment will be the quality of the argument. The question can be tackled chronologically. It is easy to underestimate the support for Louis XVI in 1789. The decision to convene the Estates General was popular. The number of republicans was negligible.Nevertheless, his popularity continued to decline until his execution at a time when few monarchists in France dared to protest. Louis personality can be examined. He was well-meaning but lacked political skills. He had a strong sense of duty and monarchical obligation. He believed in divine right. Together, these made him reluctant to accept the (comparatively moderate) reforms that were demanded, such as the issue of choose in the Estates General, the August Decrees and Declaration of Rights, until he was forced into concessions, which consequently made him less, not more, popular. His defence of favour classes was an important factor. He held out against the Civil Constitution.There were suspicions, not wholly unfounded, that he was angling f or foreign intervention to regain power. The King was seen as sympathetic to the migrs. Whatever the truth about Marie Antoinettes attitudes and actions, she was wide hated. The ill-fated flight to Varennes can be examined. It will be very relevant to show how extremists hijacked the Revolution. The dangers from war, internal unrest as in the Vende, and economic pressures led to the victory of extremists such as Robespierre and the defeat of moderate revolutionary forces. Louis execution was important in its own right but it was also a reflection of rivalries between different groups of radicals.12 Who of Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini contributed most to the unification of Italy by 1871? The key issue is the comparative contributions of three leaders of Italian unification. Band 5 (1113) will need a basic understanding of the work of one man. However, even the best answers do not need to show an even balance between the three. Candidates can spend most time on their preferred choice but answers in the two highest bands will need a sound knowledge and understanding of all three. There is a comparative element in the question (contributedmost) and answers in Band 1 (2125) will be clear when offering their reasons. Answers in lower bands might be relevant, well informed and clearly argued but they will probably not justify their choice.A problem might be when candidates interpret the question as an invitation to write about only one leader the most important. These answers might show the candidates to be capable of writing well but they will be incomplete. Such answers might be limited to a ceiling in Band 3 (1617) although, as always, the overriding factor will be the quality of the argument. Cavour laid a firm foundation for unification by re-organising Piedmont. He was a successful politician who managed Piedmont with a combination of skill and bribery. He was a realist and ensured that he obtained foreign assistance, especially from Napoleon IIIs France, bef ore confronting Austria.He preferred to extend Piedmonts influence by plebiscites, ostensibly democratic but actually carefully managed. It might be argued that unification went further than he intend but his acceptance of Garibaldis gains in the south confirmed his pragmatism and he was careful not to confront the Papacy. By the time of his death (1861), Italy was unified with the exceptions of Venetia and Rome. Garibaldi made his name in Italy and outside by his contribution to the failed revolutions of 184849. He did as much as anybody to popularise the cause of Italian unification.The 1860 invasion of the south was successful militarily and had knock-on effects by forcing Cavour to recognise the momentum of pressure for a larger Italy. Although his later career was less successful, his particular claims were to push for the unification of the peninsula as a whole and to win the support of the lower orders. Mazzini led the cause in the 1830s and 1840s, for example through the Ca rbonari and the 184849 revolutions. It might be claimed that his ideas were surreal a secular democracy achieved by Italians alone. However, although he was to be less successful in applicative terms than either Cavour or Garibaldi, his claim to have been the most important contributor depends largely on the way in which he began the struggle. Except for the monarchy, the final shape of Italy closely resembled his programme.2 Was Robespierre more a success or a failure than a revolutionary leader?Robespierre soon gained a reputation in the Estates General of 1789 as a lawyer who defended the interests of the poor. He became a leader of the Jacobins and was one of the prime(prenominal) to demand the establishment of a republic and the execution of King Louis XVI after the Flight to Varennes (1791). He opposed the war in 1792 because he feared that it would result in the rise of a dictator. Robespierre and the Jacobins (or Montagnards/Mountain Men) get the better of the Girondins and dominated the new Committee of Public Safety (1793-95). While in a dominant position, he did not merely seek power for himself and was believed not to be corrupted by power or wealth. He was the Incorruptible. He believed the problems facing the republic (including external war, internal counter-revolutionary groups and inflation) could only be lick through the use of terror.The terror acted against real and suspected enemies of the revolution and extended into every corner of France. Victims were mostly the aristocracy, bourgeoisie and members of the clergy but also included members of other classes. In all, perhaps 40,000 people were executed. Robespierre advocated a Republic of Virtue. He took the anti-clerical policies of the revolution further by inaugurating the cult of the Supreme Being, based on Reason. He also took severe steps to solve the dual problems of inflation and food shortages.Assignats and price fixing were introduced but both were unsuccessful. Robespierre t ook on board Carnots proposals for mass conscription to fight the war against counter-revolutionary kingdoms. By 1794, the opposition was able to gather sufficient support to bring him down and he was executed. Answers in the higher bands will consider both successes and failures although answers need not be evenly balanced because arguments can stress either. Was he more a success than a failure? Successes might be seen in the defeat of counter-revolution from within and outside France. The establishment of the republic was a short-term success. Robespierres leadership of war was decisive. Failures might include the brief period of his rule. Enemies were paralysed briefly. His socio-religious and economic policies did not work.14 Italian unification was more a victory for Piedmonts power than for nationalism. How far do you agree with this claim? After 1815, Piedmont emerged as the major Italian state to oppose Austrias power in Italy. However, its leadership was not accepted univ ersally and was unpopular in some quarters. Other places with their leaders had claims, e.g. Rome and Venice. Charles Albert of Piedmont played a controversial role in 1848, seeming to lead the resistance to Austria but in the narrower interests of Piedmont and being willing to exploit the problems of risings elsewhere. After 1848 and under lord Emmanuel, Piedmont became the more obvious candidate for leadership of Italy.It was independent of Austrian influence, with a constitution including the Statuto, was the wealthiest state in Italy and possessed an army which, although not equal to that of Austria, was stronger than that of other Italian states. Responses might build on this to examine the particular role of Cavour. He aimed to modernise Piedmont and then win allies to help to weaken Austria. By his death in 1861 his policies were successful in expanding Piedmonts role in the north and in the Duchies. Garibaldis success in the south led him to go further than he probably wan ted. But by 1861 Venetia and Rome were still outside the new kingdom of Italy in which Piedmont was the most powerful state.Italian nationalism was diverse in its aims. Mazzini aimed at the unification of the entire peninsula but he was foiled in the 1830s and in 1848-49. Other leaders such as Manin in Venice and, briefly, the Pope in 1848-49 had very limited success. no(prenominal) of these gained universal support from inside or outside Italy and crucially lacked military power. However, the role of nationalists, especially Garibaldi, should not be underestimated. Garibaldi played a crucial role in Cavours later years and he continued to aim at the incorporation of Rome. Candidates might point out that the final stages of unification (Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1870) owed little to either Piedmont or to other Italian nationalists. To achieve the highest bands answers need not be evenly balanced between Piedmont and nationalism but should be sound on each.