Interrelationship Between Systems of the Human Body

interrelatedness Between Systems of the clement BodyIntroductionThis essay will hold the structure and function of the 11 outlines within the human trunk. It will tip the interrelationship amidst the skittish system and the musculoskeletal system and between the circulative system and the lymphatic system. It will then explain the roles of the circulatory and lymphatic systems in the immune response and the role of hormones in metabolism.Human Body SystemsThe human dead body is made up of 11 demote besides inter attached systems (Sherwood, 2007). These argon the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, flyaway, integumentary, immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. The success and survival of the human body is dependent on the ability of take away body systems to work together.The skeletal system provides structure for the human body, stores minerals, produces family cells and provides security system for delicate organs (Kelly, 2004). 206 bones ar connected with ligaments, muscles and tendons, with cartilage, a softer break like material, providing protection in jointed areas. Body movements are controlled by the muscular system, with these muscles cosmos connected to bones via tendons (Adams, 2004). Stimulation of these muscles by the nervous system causes contraction and the resulting movement of bones to which they are attached. A round of involuntary muscles ensure the respiratory and circulatory systems continue with contraction of the titty and lungs (Adams, 2004). The heart is central to the circulatory system and acts as to pump riptide through with(predicate) arteries, veins and capillaries. The circulatory system is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells as puff up as removing waste products and aiding the immune system through the circulation of white blood cells (Jacab, 2006). The immune system is comprised of lymph organs, such as the spleen and thymus, and the skin, all of which are responsible for protecting the body against invading pathogens (Parham, 2005).The circulatory system and the respiratory system are closely interconnected with the latter bringing odoriferous oxygen into the body through the alveoli of the lungs (Johnson, 2004). The respiratory system is closely connected with the excretory system as it is responsible for the removal of carbon dioxide and early(a) waste gases through exhalation. The excretory system eliminates both solid and gas wastes in addition to these gaseous products, and is made up of a build of specialist weaves along with the large bowel, bladder, kidneys, rectum, lungs and skin (Sherwood, 2007). The physical and chemic crack-up of food into energy is carried out(p) by the digestive system. This system commences with the mouth, teething and salivary glands then passes through the oesophagus to the stomach and small intestine for digestion. The liver, pancreas and large intestine are also involved, throu gh the production of digestive enzymes and bile and the processing of nutrients (Windelspecht, 2004).The nervous system is responsible for displace messages to and from the mastermind through nerve cells. The nervous system controls all bodily functions by sending electrochemical signals through the unquiet network (Llamas, 1998). The endocrine system acts as a communication network but uses hormones as chemical messengers which survive through the bloodstream (Klosterman, 2009). The hormones have specific target organs and channel signals to start or stop per regulateing a specific function. Finally, the reproductive system is responsible for the production of children and reproductive hormones cause our bodies to develop into intimate maturity.Relationship between the nervous and musculoskeletal systemMuscle is a contractile tissue that usher out be histologically divided into threesome types. These are striated or skeletal muscle, which are under direct nervous control card iac muscle, which is also striated but is a specialist form that is confined specifically to the heart and smooth or visceral muscle, which is non under direct nervous control (Nair and Peate, 2013). This latter form can be found in the walls of blood vessels and the alimentary tract and in arrector pili. Smooth muscle is usually in the form of flat sheets and forms posting and longitudinal layers, or can be arranged as a sphincter in order to control passage through a tube, for example the anus (Ikebe, 1996). Skeletal muscle is usually attached to two separate bones via tendon, fleshy or aponeurosis connections.Muscle action control is carried out by the nervous system (Stein, 1982). Contact between nerves and muscles a good deal occurs through chemical stimulus conveyed by motor end plates, which nurture muscles to contract. Signals can also be sent through tendons via specific receptors that are able to measure the stretch of the tendon (Stein, 1982). Messages from nerves are referred to as corticofugal when they take a message to a specific tissue and afferent when they are taking the message to the spinal cord and witticism (Craig, 2005). As such the nervous system comprises two separate but combined systems. These are the central and peripheral nervous systems, with the former being made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the latter comprising the remaining neural network (Cervero, 1988). This neural network comprises 12 pairs of head nerves connected to the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord. poise which transfer information from receptors within the body to the central nervous system are sensoric nerves, whilst nerves that transport information from the CNS to muscle fibres are motoric nerves (Cervero, 1988). As such, the peripheral nervous system comprises collections of nerves, their insulating myelin sheaths, Schwann cells and connexion tissue. The majority of these nerve cells are able to carry out efferent a nd afferent cell processes (Craig, 2005).Figure 1 shows the organisation of a neuron, with the body being the axon and the smaller projections being known as dendrites. The neuron uses the dendrites to obtain and pass information from and to other neurons (Spruston, 2008). The axon passes the information to other cells particularly muscle cells. The information is then passed along the neuron through voltage changes within the cell membrane. This is known as the action likely (Bean, 2007). Information transfer between individual nerve cells occurs through chemical agents which are released when the action potential has reached the end of an axon.